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Analytical Methods : Advancing Methods... Nov 2023This study was focused on the development of a sensitive, reliable, and efficient extraction procedure for the determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine utilized...
Simultaneous derivatization and extraction of amphetamine and methamphetamine using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction prior to their analysis using GC-FID in creatine supplements.
This study was focused on the development of a sensitive, reliable, and efficient extraction procedure for the determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine utilized in the adulteration of creatine sports supplements. The separation and detection of the analytes were conducted using the gas chromatography-flame ionization detection method. In this study, the analytes were extracted from a supplement powder into a proper solvent by sonication. Then, the extract was mixed with butyl chloroformate to obtain their butylated derivatives and then concentrated by a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure. The method was performed in a short time. Under optimized extraction conditions, a linear range of 2.01-500 ng g was obtained by a coefficient of determination ≥0.996. Low detection (0.22 ng g and 0.61 ng g for amphetamine and methamphetamine, respectively) and quantification (0.73 ng g and 2.01 ng g for amphetamine and methamphetamine, respectively) limits, good precision (relative standard deviations ≤8.2%), and high extraction recoveries (79% and 86% for amphetamine and methamphetamine, respectively) were achieved. The usefulness of the method in the analysis of the target compounds was confirmed by studying the matrix effect and analysis of the analytes in different real samples.
Topics: Methamphetamine; Amphetamine; Creatine; Liquid Phase Microextraction; Chromatography, Gas
PubMed: 37987503
DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00828b -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Jul 2022This paper examines developmental outcomes for children prenatally exposed to methamphetamine through maternal use. PSYCHINFO, Scopus, PubMed and ERIC databases were... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This paper examines developmental outcomes for children prenatally exposed to methamphetamine through maternal use. PSYCHINFO, Scopus, PubMed and ERIC databases were systematically searched for studies up to December 2020. The search identified 38 articles examining cognitive, language, motor and neuroanatomical outcomes in children from birth to 16 years. Study quality was appraised using the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Findings from neuroanatomical studies suggested that prenatal methamphetamine exposure may alter whole brain microstructure and reduce subcortical volumes across multiple brain regions. Meta-analysis of 14 studies using a random-effects model revealed associations between exposure and poorer intellectual functioning (Cohen's d = 0.89, 95 % CI: 0.47-1.30), problem solving skills (Cohen's d = 0.82, 95 % CI: 0.07 -1.56), short-term memory (Cohen's d = 0.91, 95 % CI: 0.38-1.43), and language development (Cohen's d = 0.74, 95 % CI: 0.30-1.18). These results emphasise the significant impact of intrauterine methamphetamine exposure across multiple areas of child development, noting that limited total sample size, heterogeneity between studies and control for confounds suggested further studies are required. There is a need for further intervention studies to identify effective prevention and harm minimisation approaches.
Topics: Brain; Child; Child Development; Cognition; Female; Humans; Methamphetamine; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
PubMed: 35661684
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104714 -
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2023We have developed a fluorescence detection-liquid chromatography (HPLC-FL) method that involves sample pretreatment by solid-phase dispersive extraction (SPDE) and...
We have developed a fluorescence detection-liquid chromatography (HPLC-FL) method that involves sample pretreatment by solid-phase dispersive extraction (SPDE) and solid-phase fluorescence derivatization for the simple and rapid analysis of methamphetamine (MA) in urine. This method uses a reversed-phase polymeric solid-phase gel to clean up analytes in SPDE, followed by fluorescence derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) in the solid-phase. The optimal conditions for SPDE and solid-phase fluorescence derivatization were obtained when J-SPEC PEP was used as the solid-phase gel and 0.5 mmol/L FMOC in 50 mmol/L borate buffer solution (pH 10) was used as the fluorescence derivatization reagent. The recovery experiment of MA in urine yielded a clean chromatogram with no interfering peaks, demonstrating the validity of our method; the recoveries were 83.6% when spiked at a low concentration level (100 ng/mL) and 80.7% when spiked at a high concentration level (1000 ng/mL). Compared with the conventional liquid-phase method, the reaction product (FMOC-MA) of solid-phase fluorescence derivatization had higher stability. Reaction rate constants were calculated by changing the temperature conditions, and physicochemical parameters, including activation energy and activation entropy involved in the degradation reaction, were obtained from the Arrhenius plot and analyzed thermodynamically. Taken together, our results suggest that the HPLC-FL method with SPDE and solid-phase fluorescence derivatization for sample pretreatment provides a simple and rapid means of analyzing MA in urine samples.
Topics: Methamphetamine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid
PubMed: 36596509
DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00216 -
Journal of Burn Care & Research :... Jul 2023Mortality associated with burn injuries is declining with improved critical care. However, patients admitted with concurrent substance use have increased risk of...
Mortality associated with burn injuries is declining with improved critical care. However, patients admitted with concurrent substance use have increased risk of complications and poor outcomes. The impact of alcohol and methamphetamine use on acute burn resuscitation has been described in single-center studies; however, has not been studied since implementation of computerized decision support for resuscitation. Patients were evaluated based presence of alcohol, with a minimum blood alcohol level of 0.10, or positive methamphetamines on urine drug screen. Fluid volumes and urine output were examined over 48 hours. A total of 296 patients were analyzed. 37 (12.5%) were positive for methamphetamine use, 50 (16.9%) were positive for alcohol use, and 209 (70.1%) with negative for both. Patients positive for methamphetamine received a mean of 5.30 ± 2.63 cc/kg/TBSA, patients positive for alcohol received a mean of 5.41 ± 2.49 cc/kg/TBSA, and patients with neither received a mean of 4.33 ± 1.79 cc/kg/TBSA. Patients with methamphetamine or alcohol use had significantly higher fluid requirements. In the first 6 hours patients with alcohol use had significantly higher urinary output (UO) in comparison to patients with methamphetamine use which had similar output to patients negative for both substances. This study demonstrated that patients with alcohol and methamphetamine use had statistically significantly greater fluid resuscitation requirements compared to patients without. The effects of alcohol as a diuretic align with previous literature. However, patients with methamphetamine lack the increased UO as a cause for their increased fluid requirements.
Topics: Humans; Methamphetamine; Retrospective Studies; Burns; Fluid Therapy; Ethanol; Resuscitation
PubMed: 37227949
DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irad077 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Mar 2024Synthetic cathinones are a group of novel psychoactive substances used as an alternative to classical recreational drugs. As a result of legal prohibitions on older... (Review)
Review
Synthetic cathinones are a group of novel psychoactive substances used as an alternative to classical recreational drugs. As a result of legal prohibitions on older generations of these compounds, new formulations appeared on the drug market. One of them is metaphedrone (3-methylmethcathinone, 3-MMC), a structural isomer of 4-methylmethcathinone and a psychostimulant drug. Metaphedrone became popular in a large number of countries in a short period of time. The collection, analysis, and review of relevant research on the subject of metaphedrone in order to present information about the pharmacological, clinical, and toxicological profile of this compound. An assessment of the significance and role of metaphedrone in consumption patterns of novel psychoactive substances among recreational drug users. By using search engines like Google Scholar and PubMed, the relevant literature on metaphedrone was looked for and analyzed. The search was not limited to a specific period of time. All information regarding the compound of interest was analyzed and presented. All novel psychoactive substances are abused due to their pronounced stimulatory, hallucinogenic, dissociative, and euphoric and/or relaxing characteristics. Users of 3-methylmethcathinone usually opt for this substance for recreational purposes and/or sexual stimulation. Metaphedrone has the potential to cause a psychological dependence to the users. It was determined in relevant studies that most users are from 17 to 50 years of age. Older users usually administer metaphedrone intravenously, while younger ones usually choose snorting and oral ingestion of the drug. In Serbia, metaphedrone is a legally controlled substance. The pharmacodynamic properties make metaphedrone similar to classical recreational drugs. The method of administration, mainly repeated administration in a single session, could be explained using the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. The most reported symptoms of intoxication were those of a sympathomimetic nature, such as tachycardia, chest pain, hypertension, diaphoresis, and agitation. Most intoxications and fatal outcomes occurred to users who combined several psychoactive substances. The correlation between measured blood concentrations of the drug and outcomes of intoxication was not found. The mechanisms of metaphedrone's toxicity are not fully understood. There is an increasing trend of abuse of metaphedrone among recreational drugs users. Future studies should focus on pharmacological and toxicological effects of metaphedrone on animals and humans.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Illicit Drugs; Hypertension; Serbia; Methamphetamine
PubMed: 38541192
DOI: 10.3390/medicina60030466 -
International Journal of Gynaecology... Nov 2021Indigenous women are overrepresented among people who use (PWU) methamphetamine (MA) due to colonialism and intergenerational trauma. Prenatal methamphetamine exposure... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Indigenous women are overrepresented among people who use (PWU) methamphetamine (MA) due to colonialism and intergenerational trauma. Prenatal methamphetamine exposure (PME) is increasing as the number of PWUMA of childbearing age grows. Yet impacts of MA in pregnancy and effective interventions are not yet well understood.
OBJECTIVE
We conducted an environmental scan of published and grey literature (2010-2020) to determine effects of MA use in pregnancy for mothers and their offspring, effective interventions and implications for Indigenous women.
SEARCH STRATEGY
A strategic search of Ovid Medline, Embase, ProQuest-Public Health and CINAHL databases identified academic literature, while Google and ProQuest-Public Health identified grey literature.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Article selection was based on titles, abstracts and keywords. The time frame captured recent MA composition and excluded literature impacted by coronavirus disease 2019.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Data extracted from 80 articles identified 463 results related to 210 outcomes, and seven interventions. Analysis focused on six categories: maternal, neonatal/infant, cognitive, behavioral, neurological, and interventions.
MAIN RESULTS
Maternal outcomes were more congruent than child outcomes. The most prevalent outcomes were general neonatal/infant outcomes.
CONCLUSION
A lack of Indigenous-specific research on PME and interventions highlights a need for future research that incorporates relevant historical and sociocultural contexts.
Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Methamphetamine; Mothers; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
PubMed: 34358330
DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13851 -
Addiction Biology Sep 2023Chronic exposure to methamphetamine (METH) causes severe and persistent cognitive impairment. The present study aimed to investigate the role of dynorphin/κ opioid...
Chronic exposure to methamphetamine (METH) causes severe and persistent cognitive impairment. The present study aimed to investigate the role of dynorphin/κ opioid receptor (KOR) system in the development of METH-induced cognitive impairment. We found that mice showed significant cognitive impairment in the novel object recognition test (NOR) following daily injections of METH (10 mg/kg) for seven consecutive days. Systemic blockade of KOR prevented METH-induced cognitive impairment by pretreatment of the selective KOR antagonist norBNI (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or KOR deletion. Then, significant increased dynorphin and KOR mRNA were observed exclusively in prelimbic cortex (PL) other than infralimbic cortex. Finally, microinjection with norBNI into PL also improved cognitive memory in METH-treated mice using NOR and spontaneous alternation behaviour test. Our results demonstrated that dynorphin/KOR system activation in PL may be a possible mechanism for METH-induced cognitive impairment and shed light on KOR antagonists as a potential neuroprotective agent against the cognitive deficits induced by drug abuse.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Dynorphins; Receptors, Opioid, kappa; Cognitive Dysfunction; Cognition Disorders; Methamphetamine; Narcotic Antagonists
PubMed: 37644896
DOI: 10.1111/adb.13323 -
BMC Psychiatry Apr 2020Previous studies of brain structure in methamphetamine users have yielded inconsistent findings, possibly reflecting small sample size and inconsistencies in duration of...
BACKGROUND
Previous studies of brain structure in methamphetamine users have yielded inconsistent findings, possibly reflecting small sample size and inconsistencies in duration of methamphetamine abstinence as well as sampling and analyses methods. Here we report on a relatively large sample of abstinent methamphetamine users at various stages of long-term abstinence.
METHODS
Chronic methamphetamine users (n = 99), abstinent from the drug ranging from 12 to 621 days, and healthy controls (n = 86) received T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging brain scans. Subcortical and cortical gray-matter volumes and cortical thickness were measured and the effects of group, duration of abstinence, duration of methamphetamine use and onset age of methamphetamine use were investigated using the Freesurfer software package.
RESULTS
Methamphetamine users did not differ from controls in gray-matter volumes, except for a cluster in the right lateral occipital cortex where gray-matter volume was smaller, and for regions mainly in the bilateral superior frontal gyrui where thickness was greater. Duration of abstinence correlated positively with gray-matter volumes in whole brain, bilateral accumbens nuclei and insulae clusters, and right hippocampus; and with thickness in a right insula cluster. Duration of methamphetamine use correlated negatively with gray-matter volume and cortical thickness of a cluster in the right lingual and pericalcarine cortex.
CONCLUSIONS
Chronic methamphetamine use induces hard-to-recover cortical thickening in bilateral superior frontal gyri and recoverable volumetric reduction in right hippocampus, bilateral accumbens nuclei and bilateral cortical regions around insulae. These alternations might contribute to methamphetamine-induced neurocognitive disfunctions and reflect a regional specific response of the brain to methamphetamine.
Topics: Amphetamine-Related Disorders; Brain; Gray Matter; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Methamphetamine
PubMed: 32272912
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02567-3 -
Current Problems in Cardiology Jan 2023The use of methamphetamines is growing worldwide with cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Long-term use of methamphetamines is... (Review)
Review
The use of methamphetamines is growing worldwide with cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Long-term use of methamphetamines is associated with malignant hypertension, myocardial ischemia, pulmonary hypertension, and methamphetamines-associated cardiomyopathy. These effects are noted to be dose-dependent and potentially reversible with discontinuation of methamphetamines in the early stages when there is limited or no myocardial fibrosis. This review aims to (1) summarize the available data from epidemiologic studies, (2) describe pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical presentation, (3) Management of methamphetamines induced cardiomyopathy and potential complications associated with it, and (4) Strategies to reduce methamphetamines abuse and related hospitalization.
Topics: Humans; Methamphetamine; Cardiomyopathies; Cardiovascular Diseases; Hypertension, Pulmonary
PubMed: 34780869
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.101042 -
Journal of the American Heart... Aug 2022Background Methamphetamine misuse affects 27 million people worldwide and is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, risk factors for CVD among users...
Background Methamphetamine misuse affects 27 million people worldwide and is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, risk factors for CVD among users have not been well studied. Methods and Results We studied hospitalized patients in California, captured by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database, between 2005 and 2011. We studied the association between methamphetamine use and CVD (pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, stroke, and myocardial infarction). Among 20 249 026 persons in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, 66 199 used methamphetamines (median follow-up 4.58 years). Those who used were more likely younger (33 years versus 45 years), male (63.3% versus 44.4%), smoked, misused alcohol, and had depression and anxiety compared with nonusers. Methamphetamine use was associated with the development of heart failure (hazard ratio [HR], 1.53 [95% CI, 1.45-1.62]) and pulmonary hypertension (HR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.26-1.60]). Among users, male sex (HR, 1.73 [95% CI, 1.37-2.18]) was associated with myocardial infarction. Chronic kidney disease (HR, 2.38 [95% CI, 1.74-3.25]) and hypertension (HR, 2.26 [95% CI, 2.03-2.51]) were strong risk factors for CVD among users. When compared with nonuse, methamphetamine use was associated with a 32% significant increase in CVD, alcohol abuse with a 28% increase, and cocaine use with a 47% increase in CVD. Conclusions Methamphetamine use has a similar magnitude of risk of CVD compared with alcohol and cocaine. Prevention and treatment could be focused on those with chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and mental health disorders.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Cocaine; Heart Failure; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Male; Methamphetamine; Myocardial Infarction; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35912709
DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.121.023663