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Journal of Pharmaceutical and... Aug 2022The use of small amounts of sample presents advantages in chromatographic analyses that have made this a current trend following the development of increasingly...
The use of small amounts of sample presents advantages in chromatographic analyses that have made this a current trend following the development of increasingly sensitive analytical techniques. Biological sample preparation methods, especially for rigid or semi-rigid matrices, are also under constant development, focusing on a more efficient extraction and in obtaining cleaner residues for analysis. In this context, the aim of this study was to present a validated a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for the quantification of famprofazone and its metabolites, methamphetamine and amphetamine in liver, using enzymatic cell dispersion promoted by collagenase, followed by protein precipitation and solid phase extraction (SPE) for sample extraction, concentration and clean-up. Potentially relevant variables for enzymatic cell dispersion concerning efficiency, such as enzyme concentration, temperature, buffering, agitation, and mechanical effect of stainless-steel spheres were assessed. Recovery evaluations were performed during the optimization of each step to ensure minimal loss of analytes. Linearity, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), stability, carryover, matrix effect, precision and bias were evaluated using fortified blank samples. An authentic sample was obtained from a controlled daily oral administration of 200 mg famprofazone to pigs for five days. The procedure was optimized for 500 mg of liver tissue, obtaining 99.9 ± 9.3% of digested collagen and 90.2 ± 1.7% of dispersed cells, without the tissue losses that usually ensue during crushing or grinding processes. Precision (CV%) was ≤ 10% and bias was ≤ 13% for all analytes. The LOQ was 5 ng/g for all analytes. The mean famprofazone concentration was 9.3 ± 0.53 ng/g, and mean metabolite concentrations were 16.7 ± 1.67 and 24.3 ± 1.36 ng/g for amphetamine and methamphetamine, respectively.
Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Chromatography, Liquid; Liver; Methamphetamine; Pyrazolones; Solid Phase Extraction; Swine; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 35598557
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114821 -
Drug Testing and Analysis Mar 2022The National Measurement Institute's Methylamphetamine Profiling Program has evolved over the last 15 years to address analytical challenges faced with changes in... (Review)
Review
The National Measurement Institute's Methylamphetamine Profiling Program has evolved over the last 15 years to address analytical challenges faced with changes in illicit methylamphetamine production. The program involves organic and inorganic analysis of methylamphetamine to determine the precursors and synthetic route used in manufacture. This paper discusses changes in the methylamphetamine chemical profile for samples received at this laboratory during January 2011 to December 2020. In particular, changes observed in the methylamphetamine purity, potency, synthetic route, precursor and precursor synthetic origin are discussed. Over 13,180 samples were analysed during this period consisting of samples seized on the streets and the Australian border. This paper shows correlations between methylamphetamine seizures at the Australian border with international clandestine laboratory and precursor seizures trends. As the illicit drug landscape changes so too must our approach to chemical profiling if we are to confidently determine the synthetic origin of methylamphetamine.
Topics: Australia; Commerce; Illicit Drugs; Methamphetamine
PubMed: 34156767
DOI: 10.1002/dta.3117 -
Preventive Medicine Nov 2023The role of methamphetamine and cocaine use in California's drug poisoning (overdose) crisis has dramatically increased in the past five (5) years and has...
OBJECTIVE
The role of methamphetamine and cocaine use in California's drug poisoning (overdose) crisis has dramatically increased in the past five (5) years and has disproportionately affected American Indian, Alaska Native, and Black Californians. No FDA-approved medications currently exist for the treatment of individuals with stimulant use disorder (StimUD). Outside the Veteran's Administration, the Recovery Incentives Program: California's Contingency Management Benefit is the first large scale implementation of contingency management (CM). CM is the behavioral treatment with the most evidence and largest effect sizes for StimUD.
METHODS
The Program uses a CM protocol where participants can receive a maximum of $599 over a six-month period, contingent upon 36 stimulant-negative urine test results. Urine tests are conducted using a set of approved, CLIA-waived, point-of-care urine drug tests (UDTs). To ensure fidelity to the CM protocol and to prevent fraud, waste, and abuse, all aspects of incentive accounting and distribution are managed electronically via a custom-developed software system. Incentive distribution utilizes electronic gift cards. A significant innovation of the project is the conceptualization of the CM Coordinator, a designated and highly trained and supervised individual responsible for all aspects of CM operation in a specific site.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The California Department of Health Care Services contracted with UCLA to develop and implement a robust evaluation of the Program; goals include evaluating the effectiveness of real-world implementation and facilitating quality improvement. The project will likely significantly impact the use of CM for StimUD nationally and may well reduce stimulant-related drug poisoning deaths.
Topics: Humans; Motivation; Behavior Therapy; Methamphetamine; Drug Overdose; California
PubMed: 37717741
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107703 -
Annals of Clinical Psychiatry :... Aug 2023Catatonia due to a general medical condition may result from a variety of causes, including substance intoxication and withdrawal. Stimulants are occasionally associated...
BACKGROUND
Catatonia due to a general medical condition may result from a variety of causes, including substance intoxication and withdrawal. Stimulants are occasionally associated with catatonia, though there has been little investigation of methamphetamine's relationship to catatonia. Here we present 5 cases of catatonia associated with methamphetamine use and a systematic review of the associated literature from 1943 to 2020.
METHODS
We performed a systematic review of the literature and present 5 cases of catatonia evaluated using the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale and KANNER catatonia rating scale.
RESULTS
Methamphetamine use was associated with catatonia in a small number of cases in the literature. However, some of these reports included other possible etiologies. The patients in our case series met DSM-5 criteria for catatonia due to a general medical condition, with all reporting recent methamphetamine use and testing positive for amphetamines on urine drug screen.
CONCLUSIONS
Given the ongoing rise in methamphetamine use in the United States, it is important that clinicians understand that methamphetamine use can be associated with catatonia. Patients with methamphetamine-associated catatonia may respond favorably to lorazepam and require shorter hospital stays than other catatonic patients. Lastly, methamphetamine-associated catatonia highlights how alteration in dopamine function and projections may be a critical neural mechanism underlying catatonia in general.
Topics: Humans; Catatonia; Methamphetamine; Lorazepam; Research; Central Nervous System Stimulants
PubMed: 37459499
DOI: 10.12788/acp.0116 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Dec 2023Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by binge drug taking episodes, intervals of abstinence, and relapses to drug use even... (Review)
Review
Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by binge drug taking episodes, intervals of abstinence, and relapses to drug use even during treatment. MUD has been modeled in rodents and investigators are attempting to identify its molecular bases. Preclinical experiments have shown that different schedules of methamphetamine self-administration can cause diverse transcriptional changes in the dorsal striatum of Sprague-Dawley rats. In the present review, we present data on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in the rat striatum following methamphetamine intake. These include genes involved in transcription regulation, potassium channel function, and neuroinflammation. We then use the striatal data to discuss the potential significance of the molecular changes induced by methamphetamine by reviewing concordant or discordant data from the literature. This review identified potential molecular targets for pharmacological interventions. Nevertheless, there is a need for more research on methamphetamine-induced transcriptional consequences in various brain regions. These data should provide a more detailed neuroanatomical map of methamphetamine-induced changes and should better inform therapeutic interventions against MUD.
Topics: Animals; Methamphetamine; Amphetamine-Related Disorders; Rats; Disease Models, Animal; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Epigenesis, Genetic; Recurrence; Brain
PubMed: 38707245
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105440 -
European Heart Journal Dec 2022Atrial fibrillation (AF) is now regarded as a preventable disease, requiring a search for modifiable risk factors. With legalization of cannabis and more lenient laws...
AIMS
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is now regarded as a preventable disease, requiring a search for modifiable risk factors. With legalization of cannabis and more lenient laws regarding the use of other illicit substances, investigation into the potential effects of methamphetamine, cocaine, opiate, and cannabis exposure on incident AF is needed.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Using Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development databases, a longitudinal analysis was performed of adult Californians ≥18 years of age who received care in an emergency department, outpatient surgery facility, or hospital from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2015. Associations between healthcare coding for the use of each substance and a new AF diagnosis were assessed. Among 23,561,884 patients, 98 271 used methamphetamine, 48 701 used cocaine, 10 032 used opiates, and 132 834 used cannabis. Of the total population, 998 747 patients (4.2%) developed incident AF during the study period. After adjusting for potential confounders and mediators, use of methamphetamines, cocaine, opiates, and cannabis was each associated with increased incidence of AF: hazard ratios 1.86 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.81-1.92], 1.61 (95% CI 1.55-1.68), 1.74 (95% CI 1.62-1.87), and 1.35 (95% CI 1.30-1.40), respectively. Negative control analyses in the same cohort failed to reveal similarly consistent positive relationships.
CONCLUSION
Methamphetamine, cocaine, opiate, and cannabis uses were each associated with increased risk of developing incident AF. Efforts to mitigate the use of these substances may represent a novel approach to AF prevention.
Topics: Adult; United States; Humans; Atrial Fibrillation; Cannabis; Methamphetamine; Opiate Alkaloids; Cocaine; Incidence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 36257330
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac558 -
Journal of Substance Use and Addiction... Aug 2023Patient satisfaction is key to the success of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), and yet how MMT satisfaction is affected by the increasingly common use of crystal...
BACKGROUND
Patient satisfaction is key to the success of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), and yet how MMT satisfaction is affected by the increasingly common use of crystal methamphetamine among people receiving opioid treatment remains poorly understood. We aimed to assess the association between crystal methamphetamine use and MMT dissatisfaction.
METHODS
We employed generalized estimating equations to examine the relationship between crystal methamphetamine use and MMT dissatisfaction among patients receiving MMT within two prospective cohorts in Vancouver, Canada, between December 2016 and March 2020.
RESULTS
Of the 836 participants receiving MMT, the median age was 47 years, and 55.3 % self-identified as male at baseline. In a multivariable model, those reporting more than weekly crystal methamphetamine use were more likely to report MMT dissatisfaction (Odds ratio: 1.40, 95 % confidence interval: 1.05-1.86) compared to those reporting less than monthly crystal methamphetamine use.
CONCLUSIONS
Among our sample of people receiving MMT, we noted a positive association of frequent crystal methamphetamine use with MMT dissatisfaction. Our study suggests a need for novel strategies to better understand and address frequent methamphetamine use among those receiving MMT, particularly given recent shifts in substance use patterns involving the rising co-use of methamphetamines and opioids.
Topics: Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Methadone; Prospective Studies; Methamphetamine; Opiate Substitution Treatment; Canada; Analgesics, Opioid
PubMed: 36804867
DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.208956 -
Journal of Neurovirology Feb 2022Macrophages are key elements of the innate immune system. Their HIV-1 infection is a complex process that involves multiple interacting factors and various steps and is...
Macrophages are key elements of the innate immune system. Their HIV-1 infection is a complex process that involves multiple interacting factors and various steps and is further altered by exposure of infected cells to methamphetamine (Meth), a common drug of abuse in people living with HIV. This is reflected by dynamic changes in the intracellular and secreted proteomes of these cells. Quantification of these changes poses a challenge for experimental design and associated analytics. In this study, we measured the effect of Meth on expression of intracellular and secreted galectins-1, -3, and -9 in HIV-1 infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDM) using SWATH-MS, which was further followed by MRM targeted mass spectrometry validation. Cells were exposed to Meth either prior to or after infection. Our results are the first to perform comprehensive quantifications of galectins in primary hMDM cells during HIV-1 infection and Meth exposure a building foundation for future studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular pathology of hMDM resulting from viral infection and a drug of abuse-Meth.
Topics: HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Macrophages; Methamphetamine
PubMed: 35175539
DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-01025-4 -
The American Journal of Psychiatry Feb 2024
Topics: Humans; Methamphetamine; Schizophrenia; Psychotic Disorders; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Psychoses, Substance-Induced
PubMed: 38298079
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20230467 -
Chemico-biological Interactions Jul 2023Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychotropic drug known to cause cardiotoxicity. The gut-heart axis is emerging as an important pathway linking gut microbiota to...
Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychotropic drug known to cause cardiotoxicity. The gut-heart axis is emerging as an important pathway linking gut microbiota to cardiovascular disease, but the precise association between METH-induced cardiotoxicity and gut microbiota has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we established an escalating dose-multiple METH administration model in male BALB/c mice, examined cardiac injury and gut microbiota, and investigated the contribution of gut microbiota to cardiotoxicity induced by METH. Additionally, we treated mice with antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to assess the impact of gut microbiota on cardiotoxicity. Our results showed that METH exposure altered the p53 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and modulated the apoptosis pathway in heart tissue, accompanied by elevated levels of Bax/BCL-2 expression and cleaved caspase-3 proteins. METH exposure increased the diversity and richness of gut microbiota, and significantly changed the microbial community composition, accompanied by elevated abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and decreased abundance of Bacteroides, norank_f_Muribaculaceae and Alistipes. Eliminating gut microbiota by antibiotics treatment alleviated METH-induced cardiotoxicity, while FMT treatment transferred similar cardiac injury manifestations from METH-exposed mice to healthy recipient mice. Our study unveils the crucial involvement of gut microbiota in the development of cardiotoxicity induced by METH and provides potential strategies for treating cardiac complications caused by METH.
Topics: Male; Mice; Animals; Methamphetamine; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Cardiotoxicity; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37116852
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110512