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International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2021Extraction of lipids from biological tissues is a crucial step in lipid analysis. The selection of appropriate solvent is the most critical factor in the efficient... (Review)
Review
Extraction of lipids from biological tissues is a crucial step in lipid analysis. The selection of appropriate solvent is the most critical factor in the efficient extraction of lipids. A mixture of polar (to disrupt the protein-lipid complexes) and nonpolar (to dissolve the neutral lipids) solvents are precisely selected to extract lipids efficiently. In addition, the disintegration of complex and rigid cell-wall of plants, fungi, and microalgal cells by various mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments facilitate the solvent penetration and extraction of lipids. This review discusses the chloroform/methanol-based classical lipid extraction methods and modern modifications of these methods in terms of using healthy and environmentally safe solvents and rapid single-step extraction. At the same time, some adaptations were made to recover the specific lipids. In addition, the high throughput lipid extraction methodologies used for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based plant and animal lipidomics were discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatments and extraction methods were also illustrated. Moreover, the emerging green solvents-based lipid extraction method, including supercritical CO extraction (SCE), is also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Cell Wall; Chloroform; Chromatography, Liquid; Green Chemistry Technology; Lipidomics; Lipids; Mass Spectrometry; Methanol; Solvents
PubMed: 34948437
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413643 -
Methods in Enzymology 2021The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is currently one of the most versatile and popular hosts for the production of heterologous proteins, including industrial...
The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is currently one of the most versatile and popular hosts for the production of heterologous proteins, including industrial enzymes. The popularity of P. pastoris stems from its ability to grow to high cell densities, producing high titers of secreted heterologous protein with very low amounts of endogenous proteins. Its ability to express correctly folded proteins with post-translational modifications makes it an excellent candidate for the production of biopharmaceuticals. In addition, production in P. pastoris typically uses the strong, methanol-inducible and tightly regulated promoter (P), which can result in heterologous protein that constitutes up to 30% of total cell protein upon growth in methanol. In this chapter, we present methodology for the production of secreted recombinant proteins in P. pastoris, and we discuss alternatives to enhance protein production with the desired yield and quality.
Topics: Methanol; Pichia; Recombinant Proteins; Saccharomycetales
PubMed: 34742398
DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.07.004 -
Current Opinion in Biotechnology Jun 2022Microbial protein (MP) is back on the table after decades of slumbering interest. One-carbon (C1) substrates are attractive for MP production due to their efficient... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Microbial protein (MP) is back on the table after decades of slumbering interest. One-carbon (C1) substrates are attractive for MP production due to their efficient production from CO and renewable electricity, linking carbon capture to food while circumventing agriculture. Here we compared all reported combinations of C1 (formate/methanol/methane) and microorganisms (bacteria/yeasts) in terms of engineering and biomass quality parameters, focusing on the amino acid match with human requirements. This meta-analysis based on >100 studies suggests that methanol is the most promising C1, and methanol-grown microorganisms seem most nutritional with bacteria and yeasts having different merits. More sustainable MP could be produced if metabolic engineering tools yielding microorganisms with more efficient C1 assimilation pathways and steered amino acid profiles are deployed.
Topics: Amino Acids; Bacteria; Carbon; Humans; Metabolic Engineering; Methane; Methanol
PubMed: 35033929
DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102685 -
Current Opinion in Biotechnology Apr 2020Methanol and formate are attractive microbial feedstocks as they can be sustainably produced from CO and renewable energy, are completely miscible, and are easy to store... (Review)
Review
Methanol and formate are attractive microbial feedstocks as they can be sustainably produced from CO and renewable energy, are completely miscible, and are easy to store and transport. Here, we provide a biochemical perspective on microbial growth and bioproduction using these compounds. We show that anaerobic growth of acetogens on methanol and formate is more efficient than on H/CO or CO. We analyze the aerobic C assimilation pathways and suggest that new-to-nature routes could outperform their natural counterparts. We further discuss practical bioprocessing aspects related to growth on methanol and formate, including feedstock toxicity. While challenges in realizing sustainable production from methanol and formate still exist, the utilization of these feedstocks paves the way towards a truly circular carbon economy.
Topics: Formates; Methanol
PubMed: 31733545
DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.10.002 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021Functions of selenium are diverse as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, increased immunity, reduced cancer incidence, blocking tumor invasion and metastasis, and further... (Review)
Review
Functions of selenium are diverse as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, increased immunity, reduced cancer incidence, blocking tumor invasion and metastasis, and further clinical application as treatment with radiation and chemotherapy. These functions of selenium are mostly related to oxidation and reduction mechanisms of selenium metabolites. Hydrogen selenide from selenite, and methylselenol (MSeH) from Se-methylselenocyteine (MSeC) and methylseleninicacid (MSeA) are the most reactive metabolites produced reactive oxygen species (ROS); furthermore, these metabolites may involve in oxidizing sulfhydryl groups, including glutathione. Selenite also reacted with glutathione and produces hydrogen selenide via selenodiglutathione (SeDG), which induces cytotoxicity as cell apoptosis, ROS production, DNA damage, and adenosine-methionine methylation in the cellular nucleus. However, a more pronounced effect was shown in the subsequent treatment of sodium selenite with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. High doses of sodium selenite were effective to increase radiation therapy and chemotherapy, and further to reduce radiation side effects and drug resistance. In our study, advanced cancer patients can tolerate until 5000 μg of sodium selenite in combination with radiation and chemotherapy since the half-life of sodium selenite may be relatively short, and, further, selenium may accumulates more in cancer cells than that of normal cells, which may be toxic to the cancer cells. Further clinical studies of high amount sodium selenite are required to treat advanced cancer patients.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Glutathione; Humans; Methanol; Neoplasms; Organoselenium Compounds; Selenium Compounds; Sodium Selenite
PubMed: 34769276
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111844 -
Biotechnology and Bioengineering Oct 2021As alternatives to traditional fermentation substrates, methanol (CH OH), carbon dioxide (CO ) and methane (CH ) represent promising one-carbon (C1) sources that are... (Review)
Review
As alternatives to traditional fermentation substrates, methanol (CH OH), carbon dioxide (CO ) and methane (CH ) represent promising one-carbon (C1) sources that are readily available at low-cost and share similar metabolic pathway. Of these C1 compounds, methanol is used as a carbon and energy source by native methylotrophs, and can be obtained from CO and CH by chemical catalysis. Therefore, constructing and rewiring methanol utilization pathways may enable the use of one-carbon sources for microbial fermentations. Recent bioengineering efforts have shown that both native and nonnative methylotrophic organisms can be engineered to convert methanol, together with other carbon sources, into biofuels and other commodity chemicals. However, many challenges remain and must be overcome before industrial-scale bioprocessing can be established using these engineered cell refineries. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary and comparison of methanol metabolic pathways from different methylotrophs, followed by a review of recent progress in engineering methanol metabolic pathways in vitro and in vivo to produce chemicals. We discuss the major challenges associated with establishing efficient methanol metabolic pathways in microbial cells, and propose improved designs for future engineering.
Topics: Biofuels; Metabolic Engineering; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Methane; Methanol; Synthetic Biology
PubMed: 34133022
DOI: 10.1002/bit.27862 -
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese... Jun 2023Methanol has become an attractive substrate for the biomanufacturing industry due to its abundant supply and low cost. The biotransformation of methanol to value-added... (Review)
Review
Methanol has become an attractive substrate for the biomanufacturing industry due to its abundant supply and low cost. The biotransformation of methanol to value-added chemicals using microbial cell factories has the advantages of green process, mild conditions and diversified products. These advantages may expand the product chain based on methanol and alleviate the current problem of biomanufacturing, which is competing with people for food. Elucidating the pathways involving methanol oxidation, formaldehyde assimilation and dissimilation in different natural methylotrophs is essential for subsequent genetic engineering modification, and is more conducive to the construction of novel non-natural methylotrophs. This review discusses the current status of research on methanol metabolic pathways in methylotrophs, and presents recent advances and challenges in natural and synthetic methylotrophs and their applications in methanol bioconversion.
Topics: Humans; Methanol; Metabolic Engineering; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Biotransformation
PubMed: 37401602
DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.221010 -
Combinatorial Chemistry & High... 2021
Topics: Alkenes; Catalysis; Kinetics; Methanol; Nanocomposites; Natural Gas; Porosity
PubMed: 33820501
DOI: 10.2174/138620732404210331154047 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews Mar 2021The production of bulk chemicals mostly depends on exhausting petroleum sources and leads to emission of greenhouse gases. Within the last decades the urgent need for... (Review)
Review
The production of bulk chemicals mostly depends on exhausting petroleum sources and leads to emission of greenhouse gases. Within the last decades the urgent need for alternative sources has increased and the development of bio-based processes received new attention. To avoid the competition between the use of sugars as food or fuel, other feedstocks with high availability and low cost are needed, which brought acetogenic bacteria into focus. This group of anaerobic organisms uses mixtures of CO2, CO and H2 for the production of mostly acetate and ethanol. Also methanol, a cheap and abundant bulk chemical produced from methane, is a suitable substrate for acetogenic bacteria. In methylotrophic acetogens the methyl group is transferred to the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, a pathway to reduce CO2 to acetate via a series of C1-intermediates bound to tetrahydrofolic acid. Here we describe the biochemistry and bioenergetics of methanol conversion in the biotechnologically interesting group of anaerobic, acetogenic bacteria. Further, the bioenergetics of biochemical production from methanol is discussed.
Topics: Acetates; Bacteria; Energy Metabolism; Ethanol; Green Chemistry Technology; Methanol
PubMed: 32901799
DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa040 -
Trends in Biotechnology Jun 2020The increasing availability and affordability of natural gas has renewed interest in using methanol for bioproduction of useful chemicals. Engineering synthetic... (Review)
Review
The increasing availability and affordability of natural gas has renewed interest in using methanol for bioproduction of useful chemicals. Engineering synthetic methylotrophy based on natural or artificial methanol assimilation pathways and genetically tractable platform microorganisms for methanol-based biomanufacturing is drawing particular attention. Recently, intensive efforts have been devoted to demonstrating the feasibility and improving the efficiency of synthetic methylotrophy. Various fuel, bulk, and fine chemicals have been synthesized using methanol as a feedstock. However, fully synthetic methylotrophs utilizing methanol as the sole carbon source and commercially viable bioproduction from methanol remain to be developed. Here, we review ongoing efforts to identify limiting factors, optimize synthetic methylotrophs, and implement methanol-based biomanufacturing. Future challenges and prospects are also discussed.
Topics: Bioreactors; Carbon; Metabolic Engineering; Methanol; Microorganisms, Genetically-Modified
PubMed: 31932066
DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.12.013