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Ocular Immunology and Inflammation Aug 2021Corneal involvement in HIV-infected individuals may be broadly classified into two categories, namely, infectious and noninfectious with the vast majority of... (Review)
Review
Corneal involvement in HIV-infected individuals may be broadly classified into two categories, namely, infectious and noninfectious with the vast majority of manifestations occurring in the former. In this article, we shall focus on these two categories and strive to highlight those presentations that should alert the clinician to suspect underlying HIV infection. Infectious group mainly consists of Herpitic group of viral infections. Bacterial causes may be due to , alpha hemolytic and . Fungalf keratitis in HIV-infected individuals depends on the geographic locations from which patient comes. Microsporidia and are common Protozoal causes. Non-infective inflammatory causes include peripheral ulcerative keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva. Severity which is abnormally severe or very minimally reactive makes the clinician suspect of immunosuppression.
Topics: Corneal Diseases; Eye Infections; HIV Infections; Humans
PubMed: 34232799
DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1887283 -
Life (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022An aerobic bacterium, designated as strain KD337-16T, was isolated from the fecal samples of a black pig. It exhibited spherical, non-motile and non−spore-forming,...
An aerobic bacterium, designated as strain KD337-16T, was isolated from the fecal samples of a black pig. It exhibited spherical, non-motile and non−spore-forming, Gram-positive cells. KD337-16T was identified as a member of the genus Micrococcus through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and its closest relatives were found to be Micrococcus endophyticus YIM 56238T (99.5% similarity), Micrococcus luteus NCTC 2665T (99.1%), Micrococcus yunnanensis YIM 65004T (99.1%), Micrococcus aloeverae AE-6T (99.1%), Micrococcus antarcticus T2T (98.9%), and Micrococcus flavus LW4T (98.7%). Phylogenomic trees were constructed, and strain KD337-16T was found to form its own cluster as an independent lineage of M. flavus LW4T. Between KD337-16T and its close relatives, the average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity, and digital DNA−DNA hybridization were below the respective species delineation thresholds at 82.1−86.6%, 78.1−86.1%, and 24.4−34.9%. The major cellular fatty acids and polar lipids were anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C15:0, and DPG and PG, respectively. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8(H2). Taken together, the results indicate that strain KD337-16T is a novel species of the genus Micrococcus, for which the name Micrococcus porci sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KD337-16T (=BCRC 81318T = NBRC 115578T).
PubMed: 36362904
DOI: 10.3390/life12111749 -
Annales de Biologie Clinique Mar 2022Les endoscopes souples sont des appareils complexes non autoclavables qui doivent subir une désinfection de haut niveau. La présence de souillures et de biofilms peut...
CONTEXTE
Les endoscopes souples sont des appareils complexes non autoclavables qui doivent subir une désinfection de haut niveau. La présence de souillures et de biofilms peut être à l'origine d'infection et favoriser la diffusion de résistances aux antibiotiques. La surveillance microbiologique des endoscopes est recommandée en France mais reste controversée au niveau international. L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer l'apport de cette surveillance comme élément d'assurance qualité en Nouvelle Calédonie. Méthode. Nous avons revu l'ensemble des contrôles microbiologiques effectué sur les endoscopes souples entre le 1er janvier 2012 et le 31 décembre 2020 au Centre hospitalier territorial (CHT) de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Nous avons évalué le taux de contamination et identifié les principaux microorganismes isolés. Résultats. Six-cent-cinq contrôles microbiologiques d'endoscopes ont été analysés. Au total, 87 prélèvements (14,4 %) n'atteignaient pas le niveau cible. Le taux de non-conformité variait de 25,0 % à 4,5 % en fonction des années. Les cholédoscopes et les échoendoscopes étaient les appareils (p = 0,0035) les plus contaminés. Les principaux microorganismes identifiés étaient des bactéries gram positives comme les staphylocoques à coagulase négative (n = 122) et Micrococcus sp (n = 97), et des bactéries gram négatives dont Moraxella sp (n = 31) et des Pseudomonas (n = 17).
CONCLUSION
Cette étude a permis d'évaluer l'efficacité de la désinfection des endoscopes souples utilisés au CHT. Le taux global de contamination (14,4 %) est conforme aux chiffres publiés dans différentes études. Cette surveillance permet d'identifier des écarts dans le processus de désinfection et d'apporter les mesures correctives qui garantissent la sécurité des patients.
Topics: Endoscopes; France; Hospitals; Humans; New Caledonia
PubMed: 35766072
DOI: 10.1684/abc.2022.1720 -
Developmental and Comparative Immunology Jan 2023Invertebrates' immune priming or innate immune memory is an analogous response to the vertebrates' adaptive memory. We investigated if honey bees have immune memory. We...
Invertebrates' immune priming or innate immune memory is an analogous response to the vertebrates' adaptive memory. We investigated if honey bees have immune memory. We compared survival and immune response between bees that were: 1) manipulated (Naïve), 2) challenged twice with the same pathogen Escherichia coli (Memory), 3) challenged twice with different pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus versus E. coli, Micrococcus lysodeikticus versus E. coli), or 4) with PBS (the diluent of bacteria) versus E. coli (heterologous challenge; Control). Results indicate better survival in the Memory than the Control group, and the Memory group showed a similar survival than Naïve insects. The Memory group had higher lytic activity but lower prophenoloxidase, phenoloxidase activity, and hemocyte count than the Control and Naïve groups. No differences were found in relative expression of defensin-1. This first demonstration of immune memory opens the questions about its molecular mechanisms and whether, immune memory could be used against natural parasites that affect honey bees, hence, if they could be "vaccinated" against some natural parasites.
Topics: Animals; Bees; Defensins; Escherichia coli; Hemocytes; Immunologic Memory; Monophenol Monooxygenase
PubMed: 36067906
DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104528 -
Cureus Dec 2021Introduction Control of infections in the operation theater (OT) is of utmost importance. Microbiological surveillance is an effective tool for identifying and...
Introduction Control of infections in the operation theater (OT) is of utmost importance. Microbiological surveillance is an effective tool for identifying and controlling infections. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate of microorganisms in OTs, to identify the type of microorganisms, and to detect contamination of various surfaces and air of OT. Methods OTs were properly cleaned with soap and water. All surfaces were disinfected, followed by fumigation with quaternary ammonium compounds. OTs were kept closed overnight. In the morning, they were opened, and samples were collected, taking all aseptic precautions. The settle plate method was used for air sampling, and the swab method was used for surface sampling. Samples were collected from four surfaces of OTs, i.e., floor, wall, table, and light, and samples of the OT air were also collected and immediately transported to the microbiology laboratory of the institution in sterile conditions. Result A total of 1640 swab samples were taken from eight OTs, out of which 487 (29.7%) were found positive for bacterial growth. Most of them were non-pathological microorganisms such as aerobic spore-forming Bacilli and Micrococcus. Among various OTs, septic OT showed the highest bacterial growth (82 positive cultures out of 200). In the surface sampling of various OTs, aerobic spore-forming Bacilli (221/487) was the most common isolate, followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococci (74/487), and Micrococcus (67/487). General surgery, septic, and emergency OTs had maximum air bioload (97, 93, and 91 colony-forming unit (CFU)/M, respectively). Conclusion In surface sampling of OTs, it was found that septic OT and general surgery OT were most contaminated where the patient load was high. Among all the surfaces, OT walls and tables were most contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. The average air bioload of all OTs was ranged between 79 and 97 CFU/M.
PubMed: 35070559
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20525 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023Ruthenium -heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes have unique physico-chemical properties as catalysts and a huge potential in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology,... (Review)
Review
Ruthenium -heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes have unique physico-chemical properties as catalysts and a huge potential in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology, exhibiting a variety of notable biological activities. In this review, the most recent studies on ruthenium NHC complexes are summarized, focusing specifically on antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities. Ruthenium NHC complexes are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria, such as , , and are seldom active against Gram-negative bacteria, including , and and fungal strains of The antiproliferative activity was tested against cancer cell lines of human colon, breast, cervix, epidermis, liver and rat glioblastoma cell lines. Ruthenium NHC complexes generally demonstrated cytotoxicity higher than standard anticancer drugs. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanism of action of these interesting compounds.
PubMed: 36830276
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020365 -
Environmental Microbiology Dec 2021Exposure to a diverse microbial environment during pregnancy and early postnatal period is important in determining predisposition towards allergy. However, the effect...
Exposure to a diverse microbial environment during pregnancy and early postnatal period is important in determining predisposition towards allergy. However, the effect of environmental microbiota exposure during preconception, pregnancy and postnatal life on development of allergy in the child has not been investigated so far. In the S-PRESTO (Singapore PREconception Study of long Term maternal and child Outcomes) cohort, we collected house dust during all three critical window periods and analysed microbial composition using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. At 6 and 18 months, the child was assessed for eczema by clinicians. In the eczema group, household environmental microbiota was characterized by presence of human-associated bacteria Actinomyces, Anaerococcus, Finegoldia, Micrococcus, Prevotella and Propionibacterium at all time points, suggesting their possible contributions to regulating host immunity and increasing the susceptibility to eczema. In the home environment of the control group, putative protective effect of an environmental microbe Planomicrobium (Planococcaceae family) was observed to be significantly higher than that in the eczema group. Network correlation analysis demonstrated inverse relationships between beneficial Planomicrobium and human-associated bacteria (Actinomyces, Anaerococcus, Finegoldia, Micrococcus, Prevotella and Propionibacterium). Exposure to natural environmental microbiota may be beneficial to modulate shed human-associated microbiota in an indoor environment.
Topics: Bacteria; Child; Cohort Studies; Eczema; Female; Humans; Microbiota; Pregnancy; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 34309161
DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15684 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Commercial table salt is a condiment with food preservative properties by decreasing water activity and increasing osmotic pressure. Salt is also a source of halophilic...
Commercial table salt is a condiment with food preservative properties by decreasing water activity and increasing osmotic pressure. Salt is also a source of halophilic bacteria and archaea. In the present research, the diversity of halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms was studied in six commercial table salts by culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. Three table salts were obtained from marine origins: Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean (Ibiza Island), and Odiel marshes (supermarket marine salt). Other salts supplemented with mineral and nutritional ingredients were also used: Himalayan pink, Hawaiian black, and one with dried vegetables known as Viking salt. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveal that the salts from marine origins display a similar archaeal taxonomy, but with significant variations among genera. Archaeal taxa , , , , , , , and were prevalent in those three marine salts. Furthermore, the most abundant archaeal genera present in all salts were , , , , , , and uncultured . sp. was the most frequent bacteria, represented almost in all salts. Other genera such as , , and were the most frequent taxa in the Viking, Himalayan pink, and black salts, respectively. Interestingly, the genus was detected only in marine-originated salts. A collection of 76 halotolerant and halophilic bacterial and haloarchaeal species was set by culturing on different media with a broad range of salinity and nutrient composition. Comparing the results of 16S rRNA gene metataxonomic and culturomics revealed that culturable bacteria , , , , , , , , , , , , , and also Archaea , , and were identified at least in one sample by both methods. Our results show that salts from marine origins are dominated by Archaea, whereas salts from other sources or salt supplemented with ingredients are dominated by bacteria.
PubMed: 34777272
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.714110 -
International Journal of Systematic and... Nov 2019, and are phenotypically and genotypically closely related, and together comprise the group. In this study, the taxonomic relationships among , and were...
, and are phenotypically and genotypically closely related, and together comprise the group. In this study, the taxonomic relationships among , and were re-evaluated by using polyphasic approaches. The similarity values of the concatenated housekeeping gene (, and ) sequences shared by the type strains of , and ranged from 98.3 to 99.4 %. The average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and digital DNA‒DNA hybridization values among these three taxa were greater (97.1‒98.1 %, 96.8‒98.1 % and 75.0‒83.5 %, respectively) than the thresholds for bacterial species delineation, indicating that they belong to the same species, whereas those for were clearly lower than the thresholds. In addition, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterization results also support the synonymy of these three taxa. Therefore, we propose that and should be reclassified as later heterotypic synonyms of .
Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; DNA, Bacterial; Fatty Acids; Genes, Bacterial; Micrococcus; Micrococcus luteus; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 31454307
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003654 -
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases Nov 2022Individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) harbor numerous polyps with inevitable early progression to colon cancer. Complex microbiotic-tumor...
BACKGROUND
Individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) harbor numerous polyps with inevitable early progression to colon cancer. Complex microbiotic-tumor microenvironment perturbations suggest a dysbiotic relationship between polyp and microbiome. In this study, we performed comprehensive analyses of stool and tissue microbiome of pediatric FAP subjects and compared with unaffected cohabiting relatives through 16S V4 region amplicon sequencing and machine learning platforms.
RESULTS
Within our FAP and control patient population, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the predominant phyla in the tissue and stool samples, while Proteobacteria dominated the polyp/non-polyp mucosa. A decline in Faecalibacterium in polyps contrasted with a decline in Bacteroides in the FAP stool. The alpha- and beta-diversity indices differed significantly within the polyp/non-polyp groups, with a concurrent shift towards lower diversity in polyps. In a limited 3-year longitudinal study, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria was higher in polyps compared to non-polyp and stool specimens over time. Through machine learning, we discovered that Archaeon_enrichment_culture_clone_A13, Micrococcus_luteus, and Eubacterium_hallii in stool and PL-11B10, S1-80, and Blastocatellaceae in tissues were significantly different between patients with and without polyps.
CONCLUSIONS
Detection of certain bacterial concentrations within stool or biopsied polyps could serve as adjuncts to current screening modalities to help identify higher-risk patients.
Topics: Humans; Child; Longitudinal Studies; Adenomatous Polyposis Coli; Biopsy; Microbiota; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 36376984
DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02569-2