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Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) Jun 2022Trace elements and vitamins, named together micronutrients (MNs), are essential for human metabolism. Recent research has shown the importance of MNs in common... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Trace elements and vitamins, named together micronutrients (MNs), are essential for human metabolism. Recent research has shown the importance of MNs in common pathologies, with significant deficiencies impacting the outcome.
OBJECTIVE
This guideline aims to provide information for daily clinical nutrition practice regarding assessment of MN status, monitoring, and prescription. It proposes a consensus terminology, since many words are used imprecisely, resulting in confusion. This is particularly true for the words "deficiency", "repletion", "complement", and "supplement".
METHODS
The expert group attempted to apply the 2015 standard operating procedures (SOP) for ESPEN which focuses on disease. However, this approach could not be applied due to the multiple diseases requiring clinical nutrition resulting in one text for each MN, rather than for diseases. An extensive search of the literature was conducted in the databases Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and CINAHL. The search focused on physiological data, historical evidence (published before PubMed release in 1996), and observational and/or randomized trials. For each MN, the main functions, optimal analytical methods, impact of inflammation, potential toxicity, and provision during enteral or parenteral nutrition were addressed. The SOP wording was applied for strength of recommendations.
RESULTS
There was a limited number of interventional trials, preventing meta-analysis and leading to a low level of evidence. The recommendations underwent a consensus process, which resulted in a percentage of agreement (%): strong consensus required of >90% of votes. Altogether the guideline proposes sets of recommendations for 26 MNs, resulting in 170 single recommendations. Critical MNs were identified with deficiencies being present in numerous acute and chronic diseases. Monitoring and management strategies are proposed.
CONCLUSION
This guideline should enable addressing suboptimal and deficient status of a bundle of MNs in at-risk diseases. In particular, it offers practical advice on MN provision and monitoring during nutritional support.
Topics: Dietary Supplements; Humans; Micronutrients; Trace Elements; Vitamin A; Vitamins
PubMed: 35365361
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.02.015 -
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine... Mar 2023Zinc is a vital trace element for normal function of the living system. In male, zinc is involved in various biological processes, an important function of which is as a... (Review)
Review
Zinc is a vital trace element for normal function of the living system. In male, zinc is involved in various biological processes, an important function of which is as a balancer of hormones such as testosterone. For this purpose, studies related to the influence of zinc on serum testosterone were selected and summarized, including the effect of dietary zinc deficiency and zinc supplementation on testosterone concentrations. After preliminary searching of papers on databases, 38 papers including 8 clinical and 30 animal studies were included in this review. We concluded that zinc deficiency reduces testosterone levels and zinc supplementation improves testosterone levels. Furthermore, the effect degree of zinc on serum testosterone may vary depending on basal zinc and testosterone levels, zinc dosage form, elementary zinc dose, and duration. In conclusion, serum zinc was positively correlated with total testosterone, and moderate supplementation plays an important role in improving androgen.
Topics: Animals; Male; Testosterone; Zinc; Trace Elements
PubMed: 36577241
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127124 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023Glycine is a non-essential amino acid with many functions and effects. Glycine can bind to specific receptors and transporters that are expressed in many types of cells... (Review)
Review
Glycine is a non-essential amino acid with many functions and effects. Glycine can bind to specific receptors and transporters that are expressed in many types of cells throughout an organism to exert its effects. There have been many studies focused on the anti-inflammatory effects of glycine, including its abilities to decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines and the concentration of free fatty acids, to improve the insulin response, and to mediate other changes. However, the mechanism through which glycine acts is not clear. In this review, we emphasize that glycine exerts its anti-inflammatory effects throughout the modulation of the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in many cells. Although glycine is a non-essential amino acid, we highlight how dietary glycine supplementation is important in avoiding the development of chronic inflammation.
Topics: Humans; Glycine; Micronutrients; Cytokines; NF-kappa B; Amino Acids; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Inflammation; Trace Elements
PubMed: 37510995
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411236 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021Adequate amounts of a wide range of micronutrients are needed by body tissues to maintain health. Dietary intake must be sufficient to meet these micronutrient... (Review)
Review
Adequate amounts of a wide range of micronutrients are needed by body tissues to maintain health. Dietary intake must be sufficient to meet these micronutrient requirements. Mineral deficiency does not seem to be the result of a physically active life or of athletic training but is more likely to arise from disturbances in the quality and quantity of ingested food. The lack of some minerals in the body appears to be symbolic of the modern era reflecting either the excessive intake of empty calories or a negative energy balance from drastic weight-loss diets. Several animal studies provide convincing evidence for an association between dietary micronutrient availability and microbial composition in the gut. However, the influence of human gut microbiota on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of trace elements in human food has rarely been studied. Bacteria play a role by effecting mineral bioavailability and bioaccessibility, which are further increased through the fermentation of cereals and the soaking and germination of crops. Moreover, probiotics have a positive effect on iron, calcium, selenium, and zinc in relation to gut microbiome composition and metabolism. The current literature reveals the beneficial effects of bacteria on mineral bioaccessibility and bioavailability in supporting both the human gut microbiome and overall health. This review focuses on interactions between the gut microbiota and several minerals in sport nutrition, as related to a physically active lifestyle.
Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Calcium, Dietary; Diet; Gastrointestinal Absorption; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Micronutrients; Minerals; Probiotics; Trace Elements
PubMed: 34202712
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136803 -
Nutrients Jan 2020Micronutrient deficiencies continue to be widespread among children under-five in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), despite the fact that several effective... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Micronutrient Supplementation and Fortification Interventions on Health and Development Outcomes among Children Under-Five in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Micronutrient deficiencies continue to be widespread among children under-five in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), despite the fact that several effective strategies now exist to prevent them. This kind of malnutrition can have several immediate and long-term consequences, including stunted growth, a higher risk of acquiring infections, and poor development outcomes, all of which may lead to a child not achieving his or her full potential. This review systematically synthesizes the available evidence on the strategies used to prevent micronutrient malnutrition among children under-five in LMICs, including single and multiple micronutrient (MMN) supplementation, lipid-based nutrient supplementation (LNS), targeted and large-scale fortification, and point-of-use-fortification with micronutrient powders (MNPs). We searched relevant databases and grey literature, retrieving 35,924 papers. After application of eligibility criteria, we included 197 unique studies. Of note, we examined the efficacy and effectiveness of interventions. We found that certain outcomes, such as anemia, responded to several intervention types. The risk of anemia was reduced with iron alone, iron-folic acid, MMN supplementation, MNPs, targeted fortification, and large-scale fortification. Stunting and underweight, however, were improved only among children who were provided with LNS, though MMN supplementation also slightly increased length-for-age z-scores. Vitamin A supplementation likely reduced all-cause mortality, while zinc supplementation decreased the incidence of diarrhea. Importantly, many effects of LNS and MNPs held when pooling data from effectiveness studies. Taken together, this evidence further supports the importance of these strategies for reducing the burden of micronutrient malnutrition in children. Population and context should be considered when selecting one or more appropriate interventions for programming.
Topics: Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Child Nutrition Disorders; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Dietary Supplements; Female; Folic Acid; Food, Fortified; Growth Disorders; Humans; Income; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Male; Micronutrients; Thinness; Trace Elements
PubMed: 31973225
DOI: 10.3390/nu12020289 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023Selenium (Se) is a naturally occurring essential micronutrient that is required for human health. The existing form of Se includes inorganic and organic. In contrast to... (Review)
Review
Selenium (Se) is a naturally occurring essential micronutrient that is required for human health. The existing form of Se includes inorganic and organic. In contrast to the inorganic Se, which has low bioavailability and high cytotoxicity, organic Se exhibits higher bioavailability, lower toxicity, and has a more diverse composition and structure. This review presents the nutritional benefits of Se by listing and linking selenoprotein (SeP) functions to evidence of health benefits. The research status of SeP from foods in recent years is introduced systematically, particularly the sources, biochemical transformation and speciation, and the bioactivities. These aspects are elaborated with references for further research and utilization of organic Se compounds in the field of health.
Topics: Humans; Selenium; Trace Elements; Biological Availability; Micronutrients; Selenoproteins
PubMed: 38202719
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010136 -
The American Journal of Geriatric... Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Copper; Diet; Trace Elements
PubMed: 37353433
DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2023.05.014 -
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine... Mar 2020
Topics: Animals; Humans; Minerals; Trace Elements
PubMed: 31901725
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.126449 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Zinc is an essential micronutrient, and its deficiency is perhaps the most prevalent and least understood worldwide. Recent advances have expanded the understanding of... (Review)
Review
Zinc is an essential micronutrient, and its deficiency is perhaps the most prevalent and least understood worldwide. Recent advances have expanded the understanding of zinc's unique chemistry and molecular roles in a vast array of critical functions. However, beyond the concept of zinc absorption, few studies have explored the molecular basis of zinc bioavailability that determines the proportion of dietary zinc utilized in zinc-dependent processes in the body. The purpose of this review is to merge the concepts of zinc molecular biology and bioavailability with a focus on the molecular determinants of zinc luminal availability, absorption, transport, and utilization.
Topics: Zinc; Biological Availability; Trace Elements; Micronutrients; Phytic Acid
PubMed: 37047530
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076561 -
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics Oct 2023To compare the efficacy of intravenous (IV) iron (ferric derisomaltose) with oral iron (ferrous fumarate) in women 14-21 weeks pregnant with persistent iron deficiency... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
To compare the efficacy of intravenous (IV) iron (ferric derisomaltose) with oral iron (ferrous fumarate) in women 14-21 weeks pregnant with persistent iron deficiency (ferritin < 30 µg/L).
METHODS
In a single-centre, open-label, randomised controlled trial at a Danish hospital, women with persistent iron deficiency after routine oral iron treatment were allocated to receive 1000 mg IV iron (single-dose) or 100 mg elemental oral iron daily. Outcomes were assessed during an 18-week follow-up period. The primary endpoint was the proportion of non-anaemic (haemoglobin [Hb] ≥ 11 g/dL) women throughout follow-up. Other outcomes included changes in haematological parameters, patient-reported fatigue, and quality of life (QoL). Safety was assessed by recording adverse events.
RESULTS
From July 2017 to February 2020, 100 women were randomised to IV iron and 101 to oral iron. Throughout follow-up, 91% of women were non-anaemic in the IV iron group compared with 73% in the oral iron group (18% difference [95% confidence interval 0.10-0.25]; p < 0.001). The mean Hb increase was significantly greater with IV iron versus oral iron at Weeks 6 (0.4 versus - 0.2 g/dL; p < 0.001), 12 (0.5 versus 0.1 g/dL; p < 0.001), and 18 (0.8 versus 0.5 g/dL; p = 0.01). Improvements in fatigue and QoL were greater with IV iron versus oral iron at Weeks 3 and 6. The incidence of treatment-related adverse events was comparable between treatment groups.
CONCLUSION
IV iron was superior in preventing anaemia compared with oral iron in pregnant women with persistent iron deficiency; biochemical superiority was accompanied by improved fatigue and QoL.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
European Clinical Trials Database: EudraCT no.: 2017-000776-29 (3 May 2017); ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03188445 (13 June 2017). The trial protocol has been published: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13063-020-04637-z .
Topics: Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Ferric Compounds; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Administration, Oral; Administration, Intravenous; Trace Elements; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Denmark; Treatment Outcome; Adult
PubMed: 36107229
DOI: 10.1007/s00404-022-06768-x