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Biomolecules Jul 2022Zinc, an essential micronutrient for life, was first discovered in 1869 and later found to be indispensable for the normal development of plants and for the normal... (Review)
Review
Zinc, an essential micronutrient for life, was first discovered in 1869 and later found to be indispensable for the normal development of plants and for the normal growth of rats and birds. Zinc plays an important role in many physiological and pathological processes in normal mammalian brain development, especially in the development of the central nervous system. Zinc deficiency can lead to neurodegenerative diseases, mental abnormalities, sleep disorders, tumors, vascular diseases, and other pathological conditions, which can cause cognitive impairment and premature aging. This study aimed to review the important effects of zinc and zinc-associated proteins in cognitive impairment and aging, to reveal its molecular mechanism, and to highlight potential interventions for zinc-associated aging and cognitive impairments.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Brain; Cognitive Dysfunction; Mammals; Rats; Trace Elements; Zinc
PubMed: 35883555
DOI: 10.3390/biom12071000 -
Nephron 2023Acute kidney injury impacts the micronutrient status by various mechanisms including decreased enteral absorption, changes in redistribution, altered metabolism, and... (Review)
Review
Acute kidney injury impacts the micronutrient status by various mechanisms including decreased enteral absorption, changes in redistribution, altered metabolism, and increased consumption. When renal replacement therapy (RRT) is applied, there are additional losses of vitamins, trace elements, and amino acids, and their derivatives due to diffusion or adhesion. Varied data exist regarding the degree of micronutrient losses and plasma concentrations in patients who receive RRT, and these differ by RRT modality, dose, duration, and type of micronutrient. Water-soluble vitamins, selenium, copper, and carnitine are among the most frequently reported depleted nutrients. The role of micronutrient supplementation in critically ill patients undergoing RRT and the optimal dose and mode of administration are yet to be determined.
Topics: Humans; Trace Elements; Micronutrients; Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy; Vitamins; Selenium; Renal Replacement Therapy; Acute Kidney Injury; Critical Illness
PubMed: 37611551
DOI: 10.1159/000531947 -
Nutrients Feb 2023Iodine is an essential micronutrient and component of thyroid hormone. An adequate dietary iodine intake is critical to maintain and promote normal growth and... (Review)
Review
Iodine is an essential micronutrient and component of thyroid hormone. An adequate dietary iodine intake is critical to maintain and promote normal growth and development, especially during vulnerable life stages such as pregnancy and early infancy. The role of iodine in cognitive development is supported by numerous interventional and observational studies, and when iodine intake is too low, somatic growth is also impaired. This can be clearly seen in cases of untreated congenital hypothyroidism related to severe iodine deficiency, which is characterized, in part, by a short stature. Nevertheless, the impact of a less severe iodine deficiency on growth, whether in utero or postnatal, is unclear. Robust studies examining the relationship between iodine and growth are rarely feasible, including the aspect of examining the effect of a single micronutrient on a process that is reliant on multiple nutrients for optimal success. Conversely, excessive iodine intake can affect thyroid function and the secretion of optimal thyroid hormone levels; however, whether this affects growth has not been examined. This narrative review outlines the mechanisms by which iodine contributes to the growth process from conception onwards, supported by evidence from human studies. It emphasizes the need for adequate iodine public health policies and their robust monitoring and surveillance, to ensure coverage for all population groups, particularly those at life stages vulnerable for growth. Finally, it summarizes the other micronutrients important to consider alongside iodine when seeking to assess the impact of iodine on somatic growth.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Iodine; Trace Elements; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Micronutrients; Malnutrition
PubMed: 36839172
DOI: 10.3390/nu15040814 -
Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) Mar 2024Trace elements and vitamins, named together micronutrients (MNs), are essential for human metabolism. The importance of MNs in common pathologies is recognized by recent...
BACKGROUND
Trace elements and vitamins, named together micronutrients (MNs), are essential for human metabolism. The importance of MNs in common pathologies is recognized by recent research, with deficiencies significantly impacting the outcome.
OBJECTIVE
This short version of the guideline aims to provide practical recommendations for clinical practice.
METHODS
An extensive search of the literature was conducted in the databases Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and CINAHL for the initial guideline. The search focused on physiological data, historical evidence (for papers published before PubMed release in 1996), and observational and/or randomized trials. For each MN, the main functions, optimal analytical methods, impact of inflammation, potential toxicity, and provision during enteral or parenteral nutrition were addressed. The SOP wording was applied for strength of recommendations.
RESULTS
The limited number of interventional trials prevented meta-analysis and led to a low level of evidence for most recommendations. The recommendations underwent a consensus process, which resulted in a percentage of agreement (%): strong consensus required of >90 % of votes. Altogether the guideline proposes 3 general recommendations and specific recommendations for the 26 MNs. Monitoring and management strategies are proposed.
CONCLUSION
This short version of the MN guideline should facilitate handling of the MNs in at-risk diseases, whilst offering practical advice on MN provision and monitoring during nutritional support.
Topics: Humans; Micronutrients; Trace Elements; Vitamins; Consensus; Databases, Factual
PubMed: 38350290
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.01.030 -
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Nov 2023Bariatric surgery may increase the risk of micronutrient deficiencies; however, confounders including preoperative deficiency, supplementation and inflammation are... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Bariatric surgery may increase the risk of micronutrient deficiencies; however, confounders including preoperative deficiency, supplementation and inflammation are rarely considered.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the impact of bariatric surgeries, supplementation and inflammation on micronutrient deficiency.
SETTING
Two public hospitals, Australia.
METHODS
Participants were recruited to an observational study monitoring biochemical micronutrient outcomes, supplementation dose, inflammation and glycaemic control, pre-operatively and at 1-3, 6 and 12 months after gastric bypass (GB; Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Single Anastomosis Gastric Bypass; N = 66) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG; N = 144). Participant retention at 12 months was 81%.
RESULTS
Pre-operative micronutrient deficiency was common, for vitamin D (29-30%), iron (13-22%) and selenium (39% GB cohort). Supplement intake increased after surgery; however, dose was <50% of target for most nutrients. After SG, folate was vulnerable to deficiency at 6 months (OR 13 [95% CI 2, 84]; p = 0.007), with folic acid supplementation being independently associated with reduced risk. Within 1-3 months of GB, three nutrients had higher deficiency rates compared to pre-operative levels; vitamin B1 (21% vs. 6%, p < 0.01), vitamin A (21% vs. 3%, p < 0.01) and selenium (59% vs. 39%, p < 0.05). Vitamin B1 deficiency was independently associated with surgery and inflammation, selenium deficiency with improved glycaemic control after surgery and inflammation, whilst vitamin A deficiency was associated with inflammation only.
CONCLUSION
In the setting of prophylactic post-surgical micronutrient prescription, few nutrients are at risk of de novo deficiency. Although micronutrient supplementation and monitoring remains important, rationalising high-frequency biochemical testing protocols in the first year after surgery may be warranted.
Topics: Humans; Obesity, Morbid; Selenium; Gastric Bypass; Bariatric Surgery; Malnutrition; Micronutrients; Trace Elements; Thiamine; Inflammation
PubMed: 37550536
DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01318-3 -
Nutrition in Clinical Practice :... Aug 2019Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element that plays a pivotal role in many of the body's regulatory and metabolic functions, especially during times of stress. After... (Review)
Review
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element that plays a pivotal role in many of the body's regulatory and metabolic functions, especially during times of stress. After uptake, Se is incorporated into several Se-dependent proteins, which have potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities. Several observational clinical studies have demonstrated that Se deficiency can cause chronic cardiovascular diseases and aggravate organ dysfunction after cardiac surgery and that low levels of Se may be independently associated with the development of organ dysfunction after cardiac surgery. Based on these findings, several studies have investigated the effects of a perioperative Se supplementation strategy. Therefore, the present review describes in depth the pathophysiology and harmful stimuli during cardiac surgery, how Se may counteract these injuries, the different types of Se supplementation strategies that have been evaluated, and current evidence of its clinical significance.
Topics: Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Cardiovascular Diseases; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Postoperative Complications; Selenium; Trace Elements
PubMed: 31172596
DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10326 -
Voprosy Pitaniia 2021Long-term use of certain drugs causes subclinical and clinically significant micronutrient deficiencies, which can affect the course of the disease, its prognosis,... (Review)
Review
Long-term use of certain drugs causes subclinical and clinically significant micronutrient deficiencies, which can affect the course of the disease, its prognosis, quality of life, and patient compliance with therapy. of the study was to single out groups of drugs, which long-term use leads to micronutrient deficiency, and to determine vitamins, minerals and trace elements, which supply can be reduced as a result of pharmacotherapy, basing on the analysis of data published in the scientific literature. . This review analyzes articles on medical sciences from MEDLINE and PubMed-NCBI bibliographic databases. . Combined oral contraceptives reduce woman's supply with B vitamins (B6, B12, B9), can cause hypomagnesemia, affect the calcium/magnesium blood ratio, reduce the amount of vitamin E circulating in blood. Proton pump inhibitors reduce the absorption of vitamin B12, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc. Aspirin increases ascorbic acid metabolism. Loop diuretics increase urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, thiamine, thiazide ones elevate zinc and vitamin B9 excretion. Loss of taste when taking captopril is associated with a decrease in zinc supply. The use of calcium channel blockers interfere with the absorption of folic acid by gingival fibroblasts. . Given the growing prevalence of long-term drug use, it is necessary to be able to predict and prevent potential consequences of interactions with micronutrients. It is advisable, along with a varied and healthy diet, to provide patients with supplementation in order to prevent micronutrient deficiencies. Optimization of vitamin status of the population in terms of its significance for public health is comparable to drug therapy and is one of the technologies for reducing losses from chronic diseases.
Topics: Female; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Micronutrients; Quality of Life; Trace Elements; Vitamins
PubMed: 34538035
DOI: 10.33029/0042-8833-2021-90-4-53-63 -
Archives of Razi Institute Dec 2021This study described the interactions of different nutritional components with the immune system. A detailed search was carried out on Google Scholar and PubMed... (Review)
Review
This study described the interactions of different nutritional components with the immune system. A detailed search was carried out on Google Scholar and PubMed databases to find out the relevant research studies using different keywords, such as "Nutrients", "Micronutrients", and "Immune system and micronutrients". Only those papers that discussed the interactions between nutrients and the components of the immune system were included in the study. This research outlined the impact of different vitamins, trace elements or metals, amino acids, and fatty acids on different immune system components. It was found that vitamins, such as vitamin A, D, and C, tend to help immune cell differentiation and enhance the expression of different cytokines. Vitamins also contribute to the proliferation of T and B cells and impact the production of white blood cells. Similarly, trace elements or metals act as enzyme cofactors and control different immune response cycles by controlling the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and other signaling molecules. Moreover, different essential and non-essential amino acids play important roles in immune system development as they are primarily involved in protein synthesis. Amino acids, such as arginine, glutamine, and alanine, modulate the expression of cytokines and also control the migration and transmigration capabilities of macrophages. They also enhance the phagocytic properties of macrophages and neutrophils. In a similar way, fatty acids act as anti-inflammatory agents since they can decrease the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II. Furthermore, they inhibit the secretion of different inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, all the components of our daily diet are associated with the development of the immune system, and understanding their interactions is important for future immune therapies and drug development.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Cytokines; Fatty Acids; Immune System; Micronutrients; Nutrients; Trace Elements; Vitamins
PubMed: 35546980
DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356098.1775 -
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition... Nov 2023Improved survival from critical illness has enhanced the focus on ways to augment functional outcomes following discharge from the Intensive Care Unit. An area that is... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Improved survival from critical illness has enhanced the focus on ways to augment functional outcomes following discharge from the Intensive Care Unit. An area that is gaining increased attention is the effect of critical illness on bone health and fragility fractures following the episode. This review discusses the micronutrients that may play a role in bone metabolism and the potential benefits of their supplementation to prevent osteoporosis. These include calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin K, and certain trace elements.
FINDINGS
Although there is sound physiological basis for the involvement of these micronutrients in bone health and fracture prevention, there are few clinically relevant publications in this area with calcium and vitamin D being the best studied to date.
SUMMARY
In the absence of high-quality evidence in critically ill populations, attention to measurement and supplementation of these micronutrients as per current guidelines outlining micronutrient requirements in enteral and parenteral nutrition might mitigate bone loss and its sequelae in the recovery phase from critical illness.
Topics: Humans; Critical Illness; Calcium; Osteoporosis; Vitamin D; Vitamins; Fractures, Bone; Micronutrients; Trace Elements; Eating
PubMed: 37650707
DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000979 -
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical... Dec 2023Globally, there appears to be an ever-increasing interest in adopting a vegetarian diet. However, there are concerns that avoiding meat may increase the risk of anaemia...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Globally, there appears to be an ever-increasing interest in adopting a vegetarian diet. However, there are concerns that avoiding meat may increase the risk of anaemia and micronutrient deficiencies, especially for vulnerable populations, such as adolescent women. The objective of this study was to compare the micronutrient status of vegetarian and non-vegetarian adolescent women in New Zealand.
METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN
Adolescent women aged 15-18 y were recruited from eight locations across New Zealand. Blood samples were analysed for: haemoglobin, serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, zinc, selenium, retinol binding protein, folate, vitamin B-12, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone.
RESULTS
Of the 182 participants who provided a blood sample, 15% self-identified as vegetarian (n=27). On average, vegetarians had 3.1% (95% CI -5.8 to -0.4, p=0.025) lower haemoglobin, and 8.3% (95%CI -14.1 to -2.1, p=0.004) lower selenium. In contrast, serum folate was 80.5% (95% CI 45.7 to 123.7, p<0.001) higher. The prevalence of zinc and selenium deficiency was higher among vegetarians (50% and 12%, respectively) than non-vegetarians (21%, and 2%, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
Adolescent vegetarian women may be at increased risk of deficiency of micronutrients commonly found in animal products, including zinc and selenium, and may benefit from following dietary practices that enhance micronutrient intake and absorption.
Topics: Humans; Female; Adolescent; Micronutrients; Selenium; New Zealand; Diet, Vegetarian; Vegetarians; Malnutrition; Trace Elements; Folic Acid; Zinc; Hemoglobins; Nutritional Status
PubMed: 38135479
DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.202312_32(4).0008