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Journal of Food Science Apr 2021Micronutrient fortification of rice by extrusion is an effective strategy to enhance micronutrient levels within rice-consuming individuals. The success of... (Review)
Review
Micronutrient fortification of rice by extrusion is an effective strategy to enhance micronutrient levels within rice-consuming individuals. The success of extrusion-based fortification is associated with micronutrient retention, enhanced bioavailability, low postprocessing losses, prolonged storage stability, and minimal sensory changes. The success of an optimally fortified product is primarily reliant upon the compositional considerations, but many attributes of extrudates can be indebted to the processing parameters too. Hence, an exhaustive investigation of this technology has been taken-up here, emphasizing on the compositional parameters in association with process parameters, which influence the final quality attributes like nutrient stability, bioavailability, and sensory properties. Based on these attributes of the end product, a collected data have been presented here to bring out the optimal compositional requirements. These together with cooking processes, extrusion process parameters, and storage conditions will enable formulate a product with enhanced sensory acceptance, better retention during cooking and storage, improved texture, and acceptable color. This review will thus help to optimize a need-based product, its quality, and enhance benefits of fortified extruded rice products.
Topics: Biological Availability; Cooking; Food Quality; Food Technology; Food, Fortified; Humans; Micronutrients; Oryza; Trace Elements
PubMed: 33682943
DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15656 -
Current Opinion in Critical Care Aug 2023Numerous micronutrients are involved in antioxidant and immune defence, while their blood concentrations are frequently low in critically ill patients: this has fuelled... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Numerous micronutrients are involved in antioxidant and immune defence, while their blood concentrations are frequently low in critically ill patients: this has fuelled many supplementation trials. Numerous observational, randomized studies have been published, which are presented herein.
RECENT FINDINGS
Micronutrient concentrations must be analysed considering the context of the inflammatory response in critical illness. Low levels do not always indicate a deficiency without objective micronutrients losses with biological fluids. Nevertheless, higher needs and deficiencies are frequent for some micronutrients, such as thiamine, vitamins C and D, selenium, zinc and iron, and have been acknowledged with identifying patients at risk, such as those requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). The most important trials and progress in understanding have occurred with vitamin D (25(OH)D), iron and carnitine. Vitamin D blood levels less than 12 ng/ml are associated with poor clinical outcomes: supplementation in deficient ICU patients generates favourable metabolic changes and decreases mortality. Single high-dose 25(OH)D should not be delivered anymore, as boluses induce a negative feedback mechanism causing inhibition of this vitamin. Iron-deficient anaemia is frequent and can be treated safely with high-dose intravenous iron under the guidance of hepcidin to confirm deficiency diagnosis.
SUMMARY
The needs in critical illness are higher than those of healthy individuals and must be covered to support immunity. Monitoring selected micronutrients is justified in patients requiring more prolonged ICU therapy. Actual results point towards combinations of essential micronutrients at doses below upper tolerable levels. Finally, the time of high-dose micronutrient monotherapy is probably over.
Topics: Humans; Micronutrients; Critical Illness; Vitamins; Trace Elements; Vitamin D; Iron
PubMed: 37306546
DOI: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000001062 -
Journal of Experimental Botany Mar 2022The provision of sustainable, sufficient, and nutritious food to the growing population is a major challenge for agriculture and the plant research community. In this... (Review)
Review
The provision of sustainable, sufficient, and nutritious food to the growing population is a major challenge for agriculture and the plant research community. In this respect, the mineral micronutrient content of food crops deserves particular attention. Micronutrient deficiencies in cultivated soils and plants are a global problem that adversely affects crop production and plant nutritional value, as well as human health and well-being. In this review, we call for awareness of the importance and relevance of micronutrients in crop production and quality. We stress the need for better micronutrient nutrition in human populations, not only in developing but also in developed nations, and describe strategies to identify and characterize new varieties with high micronutrient content. Furthermore, we explain how adequate nutrition of plants with micronutrients impacts metabolic functions and the capacity of plants to express tolerance mechanisms against abiotic and biotic constraints. Finally, we provide a brief overview and a critical discussion on current knowledge, future challenges, and specific technological needs for research on plant micronutrient homeostasis. Research in this area is expected to foster the sustainable development of nutritious and healthy food crops for human consumption.
Topics: Agriculture; Crops, Agricultural; Food, Fortified; Homeostasis; Humans; Micronutrients; Trace Elements
PubMed: 35134869
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac014 -
Nutrition in Clinical Practice :... Aug 2022
Topics: Humans; Micronutrients; Nutritional Status; Trace Elements
PubMed: 35710686
DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10875 -
Nutrients Nov 2023Adults with Crohn's disease (CD) may be at risk of micronutrient insufficiency in clinical remission through restrictive eating, malabsorption, abnormal losses or... (Review)
Review
Adults with Crohn's disease (CD) may be at risk of micronutrient insufficiency in clinical remission through restrictive eating, malabsorption, abnormal losses or inflammation. This systematic review synthesises the literature on micronutrient insufficiency in CD in clinical remission in terms of the prevalence of low circulating micronutrient concentrations and as a comparison against a healthy control (HC). Studies were included if the population was predominantly in remission. A total of 42 studies met the inclusion criteria; 12 were rated as low quality, leaving 30 studies covering 21 micronutrients of medium/high quality that were included in the synthesis. Vitamins D and B12 were the most frequently reported nutrients (8 and 11); there were few eligible studies for the remaining micronutrients. The prevalence studies were consistent in reporting individuals with low Vitamins A, B6, B12 and C, β-carotene, D, Magnesium, Selenium and Zinc. The comparator studies were inconsistent in finding differences with CD populations; Vitamin D, the most reported nutrient, was only lower than the HC in one-quarter of the studies. Adult CD populations are likely to contain individuals with low levels of one or more micronutrients, with the most substantial evidence for Vitamins D and B12. The studies on other micronutrients are of insufficient number, standardisation and quality to inform practice.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Micronutrients; Crohn Disease; Trace Elements; Vitamins; Vitamin A; Cholecalciferol
PubMed: 38004171
DOI: 10.3390/nu15224777 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Jun 2023Micronutrients, principally vitamins and minerals, play an important role both in health and in disease. Parenteral micronutrient products are commonly prescribed for...
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Micronutrients, principally vitamins and minerals, play an important role both in health and in disease. Parenteral micronutrient products are commonly prescribed for critically ill patients both in line with the terms of the product's license, and for other indications where there is an underpinning physiological rationale, or precedent, for their use but little evidence. This survey sought to understand United Kingdom (UK) prescribing practice in this area.
METHODS
A 12-question survey was circulated to healthcare professionals working in UK critical care units. The survey was designed to explore several aspects of micronutrient prescribing or recommendation practice by the critical care multidisciplinary team, including indications and underpinning clinical rationale for using these products, dosing, and considerations with respect to micronutrients delivered as part of nutrition. Results were analysed, exploring indications, considerations relating to diagnoses, therapies including renal replacement therapies, and method of nutrition.
RESULTS
217 responses were included in the analysis, with 58% from physicians and the remaining 42% from nurses, pharmacists, dietitians and other healthcare disciplines. Vitamins were most commonly prescribed or recommended for Wernicke's encephalopathy (prescribed or recommended by 76% of respondents), treatment of refeeding syndrome (64.5%), and for patients with unknown or uncertain alcohol intake history (63.6%). These clinically suspected or confirmed indications were cited more frequently as a reason to prescribe than laboratory identified deficiency states. 20% of respondents indicated that they would prescribe or recommend parenteral vitamins for patients requiring renal replacement therapy. The practice of vitamin C prescribing was heterogeneous, including dose and indication. Trace elements were prescribed or recommended less often than vitamins, with the most frequently reported indications being for patients requiring parenteral nutrition (42.9%), biochemically confirmed deficiency states (35.9%), and for treatment of refeeding syndrome (26.3%).
CONCLUSIONS
Micronutrient prescribing in ICUs in the UK is heterogeneous, with clinical scenarios where there is an evidence base or an established precedent for their use often guiding decisions to use micronutrient products. Further work to examine the potential benefits and harms on patient-oriented outcomes of micronutrient product administration should be undertaken, to facilitate their judicious and cost-effective use, with a focus on areas where they have a theoretical benefit.
Topics: Humans; Micronutrients; Trace Elements; Refeeding Syndrome; Vitamins; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Critical Care
PubMed: 37202055
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.03.023 -
Food & Function Sep 2022Heat stress can cause tissue damage and metabolic disturbances, including intestinal and liver dysfunction, acid-base imbalance, oxidative damage, inflammatory response,... (Review)
Review
Heat stress can cause tissue damage and metabolic disturbances, including intestinal and liver dysfunction, acid-base imbalance, oxidative damage, inflammatory response, and immune suppression. Serious cases can lead to heatstroke, which can be life-threatening. The body often finds it challenging to counteract these adverse effects, and traditional cooling methods are limited by the inconvenience of tool portability and the difficulty of determining the cooling endpoint. Consequently, more research was conducted to prevent and mitigate the negative effect of heat stress nutritional intervention. This article reviewed the pathological changes and altered metabolic mechanisms caused by heat stress and discussed the protein (amino acid), vitamin, trace element, and electrolyte action pathways and mechanisms to mitigate heat stress and prevent heat-related disease. The main food sources for these nutrients and the recommended micronutrient supplementation forms were summarized to provide scientific dietary protocols for special populations.
Topics: Amino Acids; Electrolytes; Heat-Shock Response; Trace Elements; Vitamins
PubMed: 36040720
DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01813f -
Free Radical Biology & Medicine Jul 2021Iron is an essential micronutrient metal for cellular functions but can generate highly reactive oxygen species resulting in oxidative damage. For these reasons its...
Iron is an essential micronutrient metal for cellular functions but can generate highly reactive oxygen species resulting in oxidative damage. For these reasons its uptake and metabolism is highly regulated. A small but dynamic fraction of ferrous iron inside the cell, termed intracellular labile iron, is redox-reactive and ready to participate multiples reactions of intracellular enzymes. Due to its nature its determination and precise quantification has been a roadblock. However, recent progress in the development of intracellular labile iron probes are allowing the reevaluation of our current understanding and unmasking new functions. The role of intracellular labile iron in regulating the epigenome was recently discovered. This chapter examine how intracellular labile iron can modulate histone and DNA demethylation and how its pool can mediate a signaling pathway from cAMP serving as a sensor of the metabolic needs of the cells.
Topics: Biological Transport; Epigenomics; Iron; Signal Transduction; Trace Elements
PubMed: 33493555
DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.026 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Dec 2023Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is the leading cause of chronic intestinal failure. The duration of parenteral support (PS) and the long-term micronutrient needs in children...
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is the leading cause of chronic intestinal failure. The duration of parenteral support (PS) and the long-term micronutrient needs in children with SBS vary, based on their clinical and anatomical characteristics. Our study aimed to review the clinical course and identify high risk patient groups for prolonged PS and long-term micronutrient supplementation.
METHODS
A retrospective review was conducted on electronic medical records of children with SBS and chronic intestinal failure who were enrolled in the multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation program at Manchester Children's Hospital, UK. Children were included in the review if they required PN for more than 60 days out of 74 consecutive days and had at least 3 years of follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0.
RESULTS
40 children with SBS achieved enteral autonomy (EA) and 14 remained dependent on PS after 36 months of follow up. Necrotizing enterocolitis was the most common cause for intestinal resection (38.9%) followed by gastroschisis (22.2%), malrotation with volvulus (20.4%), segmental volvulus (9.3%) and long segment Hirschsprung disease (1.9%). Those who achieved EA had significantly longer intestinal length 27.5% (15.0-39.3) than those who remained on PS 6.0% (1.5-12.5) (p < 0.001). Type I SBS was only found in the PS cohort. Median PN dependence was 10.82 months [IQR 5.73-20.78]. Congenital diagnosis was associated with longer PN dependence (21.0 ± 20.0) than acquired (8.7 ± 7.8 months), (p = 0.02). The need for micronutrient supplementation was assessed after the transition to EA; 87.5% children had at least one micronutrient depletion, most commonly Vitamin D (64.1%), followed by iron (48.7%), Vitamin B12 (34.2%), and vitamin E (28.6%). Iron deficiency and vitamin A depletion were correlated with longer PS after multivariate analysis (OR: 1.103, 1.006-1.210, p = 0.037 and OR: 1.048, 0.998-1.102, p = 0.062 respectively).
CONCLUSION
In our cohort, small bowel length was the main predictor for EA. Children on longer PS, had more often a congenital cause of resection and were at risk for micronutrient deficiencies in EA.
Topics: Child; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Diseases; Intestinal Failure; Intestinal Volvulus; Micronutrients; Retrospective Studies; Short Bowel Syndrome; Trace Elements; Parenteral Nutrition
PubMed: 38057017
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.10.008 -
The British Journal of Nutrition Dec 2022Multiple micronutrient deficiencies are widespread in Ethiopia. However, the distribution of Se and Zn deficiency risks has previously shown evidence of spatially...
Multiple micronutrient deficiencies are widespread in Ethiopia. However, the distribution of Se and Zn deficiency risks has previously shown evidence of spatially dependent variability, warranting the need to explore this aspect for wider micronutrients. Here, blood serum concentrations for Ca, Mg, Co, Cu and Mo were measured ( 3102) on samples from the Ethiopian National Micronutrient Survey. Geostatistical modelling was used to test spatial variation of these micronutrients for women of reproductive age, who represent the largest demographic group surveyed ( 1290). Median serum concentrations were 8·6 mg dl for Ca, 1·9 mg dl for Mg, 0·4 µg l for Co, 98·8 µg dl for Cu and 0·2 µg dl for Mo. The prevalence of Ca, Mg and Co deficiency was 41·6 %, 29·2 % and 15·9 %, respectively; Cu and Mo deficiency prevalence was 7·6 % and 0·3 %, respectively. A higher prevalence of Ca, Cu and Mo deficiency was observed in north western, Co deficiency in central and Mg deficiency in north eastern parts of Ethiopia. Serum Ca, Mg and Mo concentrations show spatial dependencies up to 140-500 km; however, there was no evidence of spatial correlations for serum Co and Cu concentrations. These new data indicate the scale of multiple mineral micronutrient deficiency in Ethiopia and the geographical differences in the prevalence of deficiencies suggesting the need to consider targeted responses during the planning of nutrition intervention programmes.
Topics: Humans; Female; Micronutrients; Trace Elements; Minerals; Malnutrition; Ethiopia; Nutritional Status
PubMed: 35109956
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114522000319