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Revista Paulista de Pediatria : Orgao... 2023The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of maternal and perinatal factors on the nutritional composition of human milk.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of maternal and perinatal factors on the nutritional composition of human milk.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2018 and January 2020, with 181 donors selected in Tertiary Health Units of the Unified Health System - from one collection station and five Human Milk Banks. Data were collected through a standardized questionnaire. To be fit to be a donor in a Human Milk Banks and produce mature milk were the eligibility criteria to participate in the study. We excluded milk samples with Dornic acidity above 8° D. The dependent variables were the macronutrients of human milk (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and total energy), that were analyzed using spectroscopy with the Miris Human Milk Analyzer™. The maternal and perinatal factors were the independent variables.
RESULTS
Women with pre-gestational obesity and gestational weight gain above the recommendation showed a lower protein concentration compared to eutrophic women (median=0.8, interquartile range (IQR): 0.7-0.9 vs. median=0.8, and IQR: 0.8-1.0) and those with adequate gestational weight gain (median=0.8, IQR: 0.7-0.9 vs. median=0.9, and IQR: 0.8-1.0), respectively. The other analyzed factors (i.e., maternal habits, comorbidities, and perinatal factors) were not associated with the nutritional composition of human milk.
CONCLUSIONS
The assessment of factors associated with the nutritional composition of human milk is extremely important to assist postpartum care. Pre-gestational obesity and inadequate gestational weight gain were the only factors statistically associated with the nutritional composition of human milk as they impacted its protein content.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Milk, Human; Gestational Weight Gain; Cross-Sectional Studies; Milk Banks; Obesity
PubMed: 38055463
DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2024/42/2023001 -
Breastfeeding Medicine : the Official... Jun 2024
Topics: Humans; Breast Feeding; Female; Immunosuppressive Agents; Infant, Newborn; Milk, Human; Pregnancy; Infant
PubMed: 38699848
DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2024.0132 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Sep 2019Nationally representative data from mother-child dyads that capture human milk composition (HMC) and associated health outcomes are important for advancing the evidence...
Nationally representative data from mother-child dyads that capture human milk composition (HMC) and associated health outcomes are important for advancing the evidence to inform federal nutrition and related health programs, policies, and consumer information across the governments in the United States and Canada as well as in nongovernment sectors. In response to identified gaps in knowledge, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the NIH sponsored the "Workshop on Human Milk Composition-Biological, Environmental, Nutritional, and Methodological Considerations" held 16-17 November 2017 in Bethesda, Maryland. Through presentations and discussions, the workshop aimed to 1) share knowledge on the scientific need for data on HMC; 2) explore the current understanding of factors affecting HMC; 3) identify methodological challenges in human milk (HM) collection, storage, and analysis; and 4) develop a vision for a research program to develop an HMC data repository and database. The 4 workshop sessions included 1) perspectives from both federal agencies and nonfederal academic experts, articulating scientific needs for data on HMC that could lead to new research findings and programmatic advances to support public health; 2) information about the factors that influence lactation and/or HMC; 3) considerations for data quality, including addressing sampling strategies and the complexities in standardizing collection, storage, and analyses of HM; and 4) insights on how existing research programs and databases can inform potential visions for HMC initiatives. The general consensus from the workshop is that the limited scope of HM research initiatives has led to a lack of robust estimates of the composition and volume of HM consumed and, consequently, missed opportunities to improve maternal and infant health.
Topics: Canada; Diet; Female; Humans; Lactation; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Milk, Human; United States
PubMed: 31274142
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz123 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews Nov 2023A number of bacterial species are found in high abundance in the faeces of healthy breast-fed infants, an occurrence that is understood to be, at least in part, due to... (Review)
Review
A number of bacterial species are found in high abundance in the faeces of healthy breast-fed infants, an occurrence that is understood to be, at least in part, due to the ability of these bacteria to metabolize human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). HMOs are the third most abundant component of human milk after lactose and lipids, and represent complex sugars which possess unique structural diversity and are resistant to infant gastrointestinal digestion. Thus, these sugars reach the infant distal intestine intact, thereby serving as a fermentable substrate for specific intestinal microbes, including Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and especially infant-associated Bifidobacterium spp. which help to shape the infant gut microbiome. Bacteria utilising HMOs are equipped with genes associated with their degradation and a number of carbohydrate-active enzymes known as glycoside hydrolase enzymes have been identified in the infant gut, which supports this hypothesis. The resulting degraded HMOs can also be used as growth substrates for other infant gut bacteria present in a microbe-microbe interaction known as 'cross-feeding'. This review describes the current knowledge on HMO metabolism by particular infant gut-associated bacteria, many of which are currently used as commercial probiotics, including the distinct strategies employed by individual species for HMO utilisation.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Milk, Human; Oligosaccharides; Bacteria; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Sugars
PubMed: 37793834
DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad056 -
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County,... May 2024The lipid fraction, fatty acid profile, and diameter of fat globules of infant formulas show great differences from human milk. These characteristics influence fat...
OBJECTIVES
The lipid fraction, fatty acid profile, and diameter of fat globules of infant formulas show great differences from human milk. These characteristics influence fat digestion and, consequently, the development and health of infants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diameter of fat globules in infant formulas and compare them with those in human milk.
METHODS
The diameter of fat globules of 10 infant formulas and human milk samples was determined using scanning electron microscopy.
RESULTS
The starter infant formula was the only one that showed a mean diameter value (3.52 ± 2.17 µm) similar to that obtained for human milk (3.44 ± 1.68 µm). The starter infant formula showed the highest values of volume-surface D (6.13 µm) and volume-weighted D, (7.05 µm) mean diameters among the infant formulas analyzed, and close to those obtained for the human milk sample (5.16 and 5.98 µm, respectively). The infant formulas whey protein partially hydrolyzed, soy protein isolate-based, whey protein extensively hydrolyzed, and thickened with pregelatinized starch had the lowest mean diameters of fat globules 0.64 ± 0.22, 0.70 ± 0.19, 1.06 ± 0.34, and 1.22 ± 0.48 µm, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The analysis of principal components showed that none of the analyzed infant formulas had similarity with the diameter of fat globules and the fatty acid profile of human milk.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Infant Formula; Whey Proteins; Milk, Human; Fatty Acids; Glycoproteins
PubMed: 38458145
DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112264 -
World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 2022
Review
Topics: Humans; Infant; Milk, Human; Oligosaccharides; Synbiotics
PubMed: 35240658
DOI: 10.1159/000518201 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Jan 2022Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a unique class of non-digestible carbohydrates present in the mother milk, which play a key role in the development of infant gut... (Review)
Review
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a unique class of non-digestible carbohydrates present in the mother milk, which play a key role in the development of infant gut microbiota, epithelial barrier and immune function. The deficiency of HMOs in the bovine milk-based infant formula has been widely recognized as a major culprit for the much higher incidence of immune disorders of formula-fed infants. This report was to give an up-to-date review on the structure characteristics of HMOs and the possible mechanisms, and strategies for their cellular uptake, and metabolism by the gut bacteria and the associated effects on the infant gut microbiome, and immune function. Most previous studies have been carried out in animals or in vitro model systems on the utilization strategies for HMOs in infant bacteria and their roles in infant microbiome, and gut immune function. A few HMO molecules have been synthesized artificially and applied in infant formulas.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Immunity; Infant; Infant Formula; Infant Health; Infant, Newborn; Microbiota; Milk, Human; Molecular Structure; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 34823774
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118738 -
Journal of Dairy Science May 2023Milk is an important food of the daily diet. Many countries include it in their dietary recommendations due to its content in several important nutrients that exert... (Review)
Review
Milk is an important food of the daily diet. Many countries include it in their dietary recommendations due to its content in several important nutrients that exert beneficial effects on human health. Human milk is a newborn's first food and plays an important role in the growth, development, and future health of every individual. Cow milk is the type of milk most consumed in the world. However, its relatively high content of saturated fats raises concerns about potential adverse effects on human health, although epidemiological studies have disproved this association. Indeed, dairy consumption appear to be linked to a lower risk of mortality and major cardiovascular disease events. In the last few years many researchers have begun to focus their attention on both the production and quality of cow milk as well as the analysis of milk from other animal species to evaluate their effect on human health. The need to investigate the composition and metabolic effects of milk from other animal species arises from the adverse reactions of individuals in several groups to certain components of cow milk. It has emerged that donkey milk compared with that of other animal species, is the nearest to human milk and an excellent substitute for it. Milk from various animal species shows substantial differences in nutritional composition and distinct metabolic effects. In this review, we discussed the main compositional features and metabolic effects of 3 types of milk: human, cow, and donkey milk.
Topics: Female; Humans; Cattle; Animals; Milk; Equidae; Milk, Human; Diet; Nutrients; Allergens
PubMed: 36894420
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22465 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Sep 2020Dietary aroma transfer into human milk has been studied in many scenarios, including direct transmission and biotransformation. This perspective highlights recent... (Review)
Review
Dietary aroma transfer into human milk has been studied in many scenarios, including direct transmission and biotransformation. This perspective highlights recent research that focuses on the latter, with examples given in relation to 1,8-cineole and garlic-derived odorants. Three future directions are discussed, comprising (a) achieving a more comprehensive understanding of the chemical and physiological basis of aroma transfer into milk via pharmacological methods, advanced analytical techniques, and ecologically valid study designs, (b) assessing the bioactivity of odorants and their metabolites present in milk that are ingested by the infant, and (c) translating the insights gained on aroma transmission in relation to taste attributes and bioactive components of the maternal diet.
Topics: Diet; Flavoring Agents; Humans; Milk, Human; Odorants
PubMed: 32003562
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00223 -
Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop... 2021The benefits of breastfeeding, such as reduced risk of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections, depend largely on the presence of bioactive compounds in breast... (Review)
Review
The benefits of breastfeeding, such as reduced risk of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections, depend largely on the presence of bioactive compounds in breast milk, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). The presence of HMOs represents one of the largest differences in composition between breast milk and infant formula. Currently, progress in biotechnology allows the production of selected HMOs such as 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), which are increasingly being added to infant formulas to narrow the difference between breast milk and formula. It is important to differentiate HMOs naturally occurring in human breast milk from those biotechnologically produced, which, while identical to HMOs in breast milk, do not originate from breast milk. This chapter summarizes basic facts about HMOs, findings from observational studies assessing the relationship between specific HMOs and clinical effects, and evidence from randomized controlled trials with structures identical to HMOs in breast milk added to infant formulas. Overall, the findings from some recently published trials provide reassurance that infant formulas supplemented with selected structures identical to HMOs, specifically 2'-FL with/out LNnT, are safe and well tolerated, and may have favorable effects on some health outcomes and medication usage. Further studies are needed.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Formula; Milk, Human; Oligosaccharides
PubMed: 35537422
DOI: 10.1159/000519388