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Science Advances Sep 2022Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects millions of people each year. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a critical role in the progress of IBD...
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects millions of people each year. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a critical role in the progress of IBD and will be a potential therapeutic target. Here, we synthesize a kind of oral zero-valent-molybdenum nanodots (ZVMNs) for the treatment of IBD by scavenging ROS. These ultrasmall ZVMNs can successfully pass through the gastric acid and then be absorbed by the intestine. It has been verified that ZVMNs can down-regulate the quantity of ROS and reduce colitis in a mouse IBD model without distinct side effects. In addition, RNA sequencing reveals a further mechanism that the ZVMNs can protect colon tissues from oxidative stress by inhibiting the nuclear factor κB signaling pathway and reducing the production of excessive pro-inflammatory factors. Together, the ZVMNs will offer a promising alternative treatment option for patients suffering from IBD.
Topics: Animals; Colitis; Disease Models, Animal; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Metal Nanoparticles; Mice; Molybdenum; NF-kappa B; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 36112678
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9882 -
Journal of Experimental Botany Mar 2022Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential element for almost all living organisms. After being taken up into the cells as molybdate, it is incorporated into the molybdenum... (Review)
Review
Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential element for almost all living organisms. After being taken up into the cells as molybdate, it is incorporated into the molybdenum cofactor, which functions as the active site of several molybdenum-requiring enzymes and thus plays crucial roles in multiple biological processes. The uptake and transport of molybdate is mainly mediated by two types of molybdate transporters. The homeostasis of Mo in plant cells is tightly controlled, and such homeostasis likely plays vital roles in plant adaptation to local environments. Recent evidence suggests that Mo is more than an essential element required for plant growth and development; it is also involved in local adaptation to coastal salinity. In this review, we summarize recent research progress on molybdate uptake and transport, molybdenum homeostasis network in plants, and discuss the potential roles of the molybdate transporter in plant adaptation to their local environment.
Topics: Biological Transport; Membrane Transport Proteins; Molybdenum
PubMed: 34864981
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab534 -
Biomaterials Apr 2022Recently, strategies that can target the underlying mechanisms of phenotype change to modulate the macrophage immune response from the standpoint of biological science...
Recently, strategies that can target the underlying mechanisms of phenotype change to modulate the macrophage immune response from the standpoint of biological science have attracted increasing attention in the field of biomaterials. In this study, we printed a molybdenum-containing bioactive glass ceramic (Mo-BGC) scaffold as an immunomodulatory material. In a clinically relevant critical-size periodontal defect model, the defect-matched scaffold featured robust immunomodulatory activity, enabling long-term stable macrophage modulation and leading to enhanced regeneration of multiple periodontal tissues in canines. Further studies demonstrated that the regeneration-enhancing function of Mo-BGC scaffold was macrophage-dependent by using canines with host macrophage depletion. To investigate the role of Mo in material immunomodulation, in vitro investigations were performed and revealed that Mo-BGC powder extract, similar to MoO-containing medium, induced M2 polarization by enhancing the mitochondrial function of macrophages and promoted a cell metabolic shift from glycolysis toward mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Our findings demonstrate for the first time an immunomodulatory role of a Mo-containing material in the dynamic cascade of wound healing. By targeting the immunometabolism and mitochondrial function of macrophages, Mo-mediated immunomodulation provides new avenues for future material design in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Immunity; Immunomodulation; Macrophages; Mitochondria; Molybdenum; Wound Healing
PubMed: 35247634
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121439 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023The mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC) is the most recently discovered molybdoenzyme in humans after sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase and aldehyde... (Review)
Review
The mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC) is the most recently discovered molybdoenzyme in humans after sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase. Here, the timeline of mARC's discovery is briefly described. The story begins with investigations into -oxidation of pharmaceutical drugs and model compounds. Many compounds are -oxidized extensively in vitro, but it turned out that a previously unknown enzyme catalyzes the reduction of the -oxygenated products in vivo. After many years, the molybdoenzyme mARC could finally be isolated and identified in 2006. mARC is an important drug-metabolizing enzyme and -reduction by mARC has been exploited very successfully for prodrug strategies, that allow oral administration of otherwise poorly bioavailable therapeutic drugs. Recently, it was demonstrated that mARC is a key factor in lipid metabolism and likely involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The exact link between mARC and lipid metabolism is not yet fully understood. Regardless, many now consider mARC a potential drug target for the prevention or treatment of liver diseases. This article focusses on discoveries related to mammalian mARC enzymes. mARC homologues have been studied in algae, plants and bacteria. These will not be discussed extensively here.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Oxidoreductases; Oxidation-Reduction; Sulfite Oxidase; Oximes; Mammals; Molybdenum
PubMed: 37375270
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124713 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022For most organisms molybdenum is essential for life as it is found in the active site of various vitally important molybdenum dependent enzymes (Mo-enzymes). Here,... (Review)
Review
For most organisms molybdenum is essential for life as it is found in the active site of various vitally important molybdenum dependent enzymes (Mo-enzymes). Here, molybdenum is bound to a pterin derivative called molybdopterin (MPT), thus forming the molybdenum cofactor (Moco). Synthesis of Moco involves the consecutive action of numerous enzymatic reaction steps, whereby molybdenum insertases (Mo-insertases) catalyze the final maturation step, i.e., the metal insertion reaction yielding Moco. This final maturation step is subdivided into two partial reactions, each catalyzed by a distinctive Mo-insertase domain. Initially, MPT is adenylylated by the Mo-insertase G-domain, yielding MPT-AMP which is used as substrate by the E-domain. This domain catalyzes the insertion of molybdate into the MPT dithiolene moiety, leading to the formation of Moco-AMP. Finally, the Moco-AMP phosphoanhydride bond is cleaved by the E-domain to liberate Moco from its synthesizing enzyme. Thus formed, Moco is physiologically active and may be incorporated into the different Mo-enzymes or bind to carrier proteins instead.
Topics: Adenosine Monophosphate; Catalytic Domain; Coenzymes; Metalloproteins; Molybdenum; Molybdenum Cofactors; Pterins
PubMed: 36080140
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175372 -
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Aug 2022Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS) is an ultrathin nanomaterial with a high degree of anisotropy, surface-to-volume ratio, chemical functionality and... (Review)
Review
Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS) is an ultrathin nanomaterial with a high degree of anisotropy, surface-to-volume ratio, chemical functionality and mechanical strength. These properties together enable MoS to emerge as a potent nanomaterial for diverse biomedical applications including drug delivery, regenerative medicine, biosensing and bioelectronics. Thus, understanding the interactions of MoS with its biological interface becomes indispensable. These interactions, referred to as "nano-bio" interactions, play a key role in determining the biocompatibility and the pathways through which the nanomaterial influences molecular, cellular and biological function. Herein, we provide a critical overview of the nano-bio interactions of MoS and emphasize on how these interactions dictate its biomedical applications including intracellular trafficking, biodistribution and biodegradation. Also, a critical evaluation of the interactions of MoS with proteins and specific cell types such as immune cells and progenitor/stem cells is illustrated which governs the short-term and long-term compatibility of MoS-based biomedical devices.
Topics: Disulfides; Humans; Molybdenum; Nanostructures; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 35636569
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114361 -
Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces... Oct 2022As an effective non-noble, molybdenum carbide (MoC: MoC or MoC) has attracted extensive attention and is regarded as a promising research area in the near future owing... (Review)
Review
As an effective non-noble, molybdenum carbide (MoC: MoC or MoC) has attracted extensive attention and is regarded as a promising research area in the near future owing to its good biocompatibility, high stability, band gap adjustability, rich valence states, and excellent catalytic activity. This Perspective summarizes the recent progress and achievements for the molybdenum carbide-based catalysts. First, the crystal and band structures of molybdenum carbides are generally presented. Second, various modifying strategies for molybdenum carbides are outlined to enhance the photocatalytic performance, including doping engineering, vacancy engineering, morphology and structure engineering, and the establishment of molybdenum carbide-based composite catalysts. Finally, potential applications in the photocatalysis area of molybdenum carbide-based photocatalyst are generalized. Future development trends and perspective for this promising material are also discussed.
Topics: Molybdenum; Catalysis
PubMed: 36245364
DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01887 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022The molybdenum cofactor (Moco) is the active site prosthetic group found in numerous vitally important enzymes (Mo-enzymes), which predominantly catalyze 2 electron... (Review)
Review
The molybdenum cofactor (Moco) is the active site prosthetic group found in numerous vitally important enzymes (Mo-enzymes), which predominantly catalyze 2 electron transfer reactions. Moco is synthesized by an evolutionary old and highly conserved multi-step pathway, whereby the metal insertion reaction is the ultimate reaction step here. Moco and its intermediates are highly sensitive towards oxidative damage and considering this, they are believed to be permanently protein bound during synthesis and also after Moco maturation. In plants, a cellular Moco transfer and storage system was identified, which comprises proteins that are capable of Moco binding and release but do not possess a Moco-dependent enzymatic activity. The first protein described that exhibited these properties was the Moco carrier protein (MCP) from the green alga . However, MCPs and similar proteins have meanwhile been described in various plant species. This review will summarize the current knowledge of the cellular Moco distribution system.
Topics: Carrier Proteins; Catalytic Domain; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Coenzymes; Metalloproteins; Molybdenum; Molybdenum Cofactors; Plants
PubMed: 36235107
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196571 -
Biosensors Jan 2022The use of nanoprobes in sensors is a popular way to amplify their analytical performance. Coupled with two-dimensional nanomaterials, nanoprobes have been widely used... (Review)
Review
The use of nanoprobes in sensors is a popular way to amplify their analytical performance. Coupled with two-dimensional nanomaterials, nanoprobes have been widely used to construct fluorescence, electrochemical, electrochemiluminescence (ECL), colorimetric, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors for target molecules' detection due to their extraordinary signal amplification effect. The MoS nanosheet is an emerging layered nanomaterial with excellent chemical and physical properties, which has been considered as an ideal supporting substrate to design nanoprobes for the construction of sensors. Herein, the development and application of molybdenum disulfide (MoS)-based nanoprobes is reviewed. First, the preparation principle of MoS-based nanoprobes was introduced. Second, the sensing application of MoS-based nanoprobes was summarized. Finally, the prospect and challenge of MoS-based nanoprobes in future were discussed.
Topics: Disulfides; Molybdenum; Nanostructures; Surface Plasmon Resonance
PubMed: 35200348
DOI: 10.3390/bios12020087 -
Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry Oct 2022Resonance Raman spectroscopy (rR) is a powerful spectroscopic probe that is widely used for studying the geometric and electronic structure of metalloproteins. In this... (Review)
Review
Resonance Raman spectroscopy (rR) is a powerful spectroscopic probe that is widely used for studying the geometric and electronic structure of metalloproteins. In this focused review, we detail how resonance Raman spectroscopy has contributed to a greater understanding of electronic structure, geometric structure, and the reaction mechanisms of pyranopterin molybdenum enzymes. The review focuses on the enzymes sulfite oxidase (SO), dimethyl sulfoxide reductase (DMSOR), xanthine oxidase (XO), and carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. Specifically, we highlight how Mo-O, Mo-S, Mo-S, and dithiolene CC vibrational modes, isotope and heavy atom perturbations, resonance enhancement, and associated Raman studies of small molecule analogs have provided detailed insight into the nature of these metalloenzyme active sites.
Topics: Coenzymes; Metalloproteins; Models, Molecular; Molybdenum; Pterins; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
PubMed: 35932756
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111907