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Viruses Dec 2021All paramyxoviruses, which include the mumps virus, measles virus, Nipah virus, Newcastle disease virus, and Sendai virus, have non-segmented single-stranded... (Review)
Review
All paramyxoviruses, which include the mumps virus, measles virus, Nipah virus, Newcastle disease virus, and Sendai virus, have non-segmented single-stranded negative-sense RNA genomes. These RNA genomes are enwrapped throughout the viral life cycle by nucleoproteins, forming helical nucleocapsids. In addition to these helical structures, recombinant paramyxovirus nucleocapsids may occur in other assembly forms such as rings, clam-shaped structures, and double-headed nucleocapsids; the latter two are composed of two single-stranded helices packed in a back-to-back pattern. In all of these assemblies, the neighboring nucleoprotein protomers adopt the same domain-swapping mode via the N-terminal arm, C-terminal arm, and recently disclosed N-hole. An intrinsically disordered region in the C-terminal domain of the nucleoproteins, called the N-tail, plays an unexpected role in regulating the transition among the different assembly forms that occurs with other viral proteins, especially phosphoprotein. These structures, together with the helical nucleocapsids, significantly enrich the structural diversity of the paramyxovirus nucleocapsids and help explain the functions of these diverse assemblies, including RNA genome protection, transcription, and replication, as well as encapsulation.
Topics: Models, Molecular; Nucleocapsid; Nucleocapsid Proteins; Paramyxovirinae; Protein Conformation; Protein Domains; Protein Structure, Quaternary; Protein Subunits
PubMed: 34960748
DOI: 10.3390/v13122479 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022
Topics: Ebolavirus; Filoviridae; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans
PubMed: 35251051
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859919 -
Viruses Jan 2023The order contains a variety of highly pathogenic viruses that may infect humans, including the families , , , and . Animal models have historically been important to... (Review)
Review
The order contains a variety of highly pathogenic viruses that may infect humans, including the families , , , and . Animal models have historically been important to study virus pathogenicity and to develop medical countermeasures. As these have inherent shortcomings, the rise of microphysiological systems and organoids able to recapitulate hallmarks of the diseases caused by these viruses may have enormous potential to add to or partially replace animal modeling in the future. Indeed, microphysiological systems and organoids are already used in the pharmaceutical R&D pipeline because they are prefigured to overcome the translational gap between model systems and clinical studies. Moreover, they may serve to alleviate ethical concerns related to animal research. In this review, we discuss the value of animal model alternatives in human pathogenic filovirus and bornavirus research. The current animal models and their limitations are presented followed by an overview of existing alternatives, such as organoids and microphysiological systems, which might help answering open research questions.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Filoviridae; Bornaviridae; Models, Animal
PubMed: 36680198
DOI: 10.3390/v15010158 -
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology... Jun 2024Henipavirus (HNV) is well known for two zoonotic viruses in the genus, Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), which pose serious threat to human and animal health. In... (Review)
Review
Henipavirus (HNV) is well known for two zoonotic viruses in the genus, Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), which pose serious threat to human and animal health. In August 2022, a third zoonotic virus in the genus Henipavirus, Langya virus (LayV), was discovered in China. The emergence of HeV, NiV, and LayV highlights the persistent threat of HNV to human and animal health. In addition to the above three HNVs, new species within this genus are still being discovered. Although they have not yet caused a pandemic in humans or livestock, they still have the risk of spillover as a potential threat to the health of humans and animals. It's important to understand the infection and transmission of different HNV in animals for the prevention and control of current or future HNV epidemics. Therefore, this review mainly summarizes the animal origin, animal infection and transmission of HNV that have been found worldwide, and further analyzes and summarizes the rules of infection and transmission, so as to provide a reference for relevant scientific researchers. Furthermore, it can provide a direction for epidemic prevention and control, and animal surveillance to reduce the risk of the global pandemic of HNV.
Topics: Animals; Henipavirus Infections; Henipavirus; Humans; Zoonoses; Viral Zoonoses; Nipah Virus; Hendra Virus
PubMed: 38640700
DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102183 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Dec 2020Viruses reshape the organization of the cell interior to achieve different steps of their cellular cycle. Particularly, viral replication and assembly often take place... (Review)
Review
Viruses reshape the organization of the cell interior to achieve different steps of their cellular cycle. Particularly, viral replication and assembly often take place in viral factories where specific viral and cellular proteins as well as nucleic acids concentrate. Viral factories can be either membrane-delimited or devoid of any cellular membranes. In the latter case, they are referred as membrane-less replication compartments. The most emblematic ones are the Negri bodies, which are inclusion bodies that constitute the hallmark of rabies virus infection. Interestingly, Negri bodies and several other viral replication compartments have been shown to arise from a liquid-liquid phase separation process and, thus, constitute a new class of liquid organelles. This is a paradigm shift in the field of virus replication. Here, we review the different aspects of membrane-less virus replication compartments with a focus on the Mononegavirales order and discuss their interactions with the host cell machineries and the cytoskeleton. We particularly examine the interplay between viral factories and the cellular innate immune response, of which several components also form membrane-less condensates in infected cells.
Topics: Cell Membrane; Inclusion Bodies, Viral; Rabies; Rabies virus; Viral Proteins; Viral Replication Compartments; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32835749
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118831 -
The Journal of General Virology Jul 2021Members of the family produce enveloped virions containing a linear negative-sense non-segmented RNA genome of about 9 kb. Bornaviruses are found in mammals, birds,...
Members of the family produce enveloped virions containing a linear negative-sense non-segmented RNA genome of about 9 kb. Bornaviruses are found in mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. The most-studied viruses with public health and veterinary impact are Borna disease virus 1 and variegated squirrel bornavirus 1, both of which cause fatal encephalitis in humans. Several orthobornaviruses cause neurological and intestinal disorders in birds, mostly parrots. Endogenous bornavirus-like sequences occur in the genomes of various animals. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family , which is available at ictv.global/report/bornaviridae.
Topics: Animals; Borna Disease; Borna disease virus; Bornaviridae; Genome, Viral; Host Specificity; Humans; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34227935
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001613 -
Current Opinion in Virology Apr 2020Measles virus causes a disease with seemingly innocent symptoms, such as fever and rash. However, measles immune suppression causes increased susceptibility to... (Review)
Review
Measles virus causes a disease with seemingly innocent symptoms, such as fever and rash. However, measles immune suppression causes increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections that are responsible for the majority of over 100000 yearly fatalities. The pathogenesis of measles is complex, because measles virus uses multiple receptors to infect different cell types in different phases of the disease. Experimental morbillivirus infections with wild-type viruses in natural host species have demonstrated that direct infection and depletion of memory immune cells causes immune amnesia. This was confirmed in studies of a measles outbreak in unvaccinated children and provides an explanation for epidemiological observations of long-term increases in morbidity and mortality after measles.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Immunologic Memory; Measles; Measles virus
PubMed: 32339942
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.03.002 -
Archives of Virology Jul 2019In February 2019, following the annual taxon ratification vote, the order Mononegavirales was amended by the addition of four new subfamilies and 12 new genera and the...
In February 2019, following the annual taxon ratification vote, the order Mononegavirales was amended by the addition of four new subfamilies and 12 new genera and the creation of 28 novel species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Topics: Genome, Viral; Mononegavirales; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 31089958
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04247-4 -
Viruses Mar 2021Lagos bat virus (LBV), one of the 17 accepted viral species of the genus, was the first rabies-related virus described in 1956. This virus is endemic to the African... (Review)
Review
Lagos bat virus (LBV), one of the 17 accepted viral species of the genus, was the first rabies-related virus described in 1956. This virus is endemic to the African continent and is rarely encountered. There are currently four lineages, although the observed genetic diversity exceeds existing lyssavirus species demarcation criteria. Several exposures to rabid bats infected with LBV have been reported; however, no known human cases have been reported to date. This review provides the history of LBV and summarizes previous knowledge as well as new detections. Genetic diversity, pathogenesis and prevention are re-evaluated and discussed.
Topics: Animals; Chiroptera; Genetic Variation; Humans; Lyssavirus; Phylogeny; Rabies; Rhabdoviridae Infections; South Africa
PubMed: 33805487
DOI: 10.3390/v13040576 -
Viruses May 2023Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are highly pathogenic species from the genus within the paramyxovirus family and are harbored by Flying Fox species....
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are highly pathogenic species from the genus within the paramyxovirus family and are harbored by Flying Fox species. Henipaviruses cause severe respiratory disease, neural symptoms, and encephalitis in various animals and humans, with human mortality rates exceeding 70% in some NiV outbreaks. The henipavirus matrix protein (M), which drives viral assembly and budding of the virion, also performs non-structural functions as a type I interferon antagonist. Interestingly, M also undergoes nuclear trafficking that mediates critical monoubiquitination for downstream cell sorting, membrane association, and budding processes. Based on the NiV and HeV M X-ray crystal structures and cell-based assays, M possesses a putative monopartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) (residues KRKKIR; NLS1 HeV), positioned on an exposed flexible loop and typical of how many NLSs bind importin alpha (IMPα), and a putative bipartite NLS (RR-10X-KRK; NLS2 HeV), positioned within an α-helix that is far less typical. Here, we employed X-ray crystallography to determine the binding interface of these M NLSs and IMPα. The interaction of both NLS peptides with IMPα was established, with NLS1 binding the IMPα major binding site, and NLS2 binding as a non-classical NLS to the minor site. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and immunofluorescence assays (IFA) confirm the critical role of NLS2, and specifically K258. Additionally, localization studies demonstrated a supportive role for NLS1 in M nuclear localization. These studies provide additional insight into the critical mechanisms of M nucleocytoplasmic transport, the study of which can provide a greater understanding of viral pathogenesis and uncover a potential target for novel therapeutics for henipaviral diseases.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Nuclear Localization Signals; Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; Nipah Virus; alpha Karyopherins; Hendra Virus; Henipavirus Infections; Protein Binding
PubMed: 37376602
DOI: 10.3390/v15061302