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Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Jan 2021
Review
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Carbohydrates; Disaccharides; Fructose; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose; Glycogen; Glycolysis; Homeostasis; Humans; Insulin; Monosaccharides
PubMed: 33397651
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040568 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Oct 2019Monosaccharides are important components of the diet, where the sweetness of these common sugars draw animals to eat the tissue within which they are located -... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Monosaccharides are important components of the diet, where the sweetness of these common sugars draw animals to eat the tissue within which they are located - especially fruits. Higher (larger) saccharides, within which they are constituents, are ubiquitous throughout nature too - and include disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. These may be converted (hydrolysed) to monosaccharides by the plant tissue enzymes during ripening and stimulate consumption by a predator (whereupon seeds within the fruit are dispersed). Predators may have relevant enzymes in their digestive tract to effect conversion of the larger carbohydrates to its monosaccharides - which are then absorbed from the gut and like free monosaccharides in fruit/vegetables, provide an energy source. Starch is an important source of glucose. This review (on monosaccharides) is part one of a series of three which aim to link the role of carbohydrates in food through processing to health and disease related issues. The emphasis here is to understand the role of the three key monosaccharides from the diet - fructose, galactose and glucose - with perspectives in health and disease.
METHODS
The review was based on a review of relevant databases for material (e.g. Pubmed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Wiley online library etc.).
RESULTS
Data pertaining to the nutritional role of key dietary monosaccharides were evaluated together with their utilisation and role in health and disease. Disease states and their management in the context of monosaccharide consumption were considered.
CONCLUSIONS
The body is designed to utilise carbohydrates - where a physiological balance of ingestion, storage and utilisation is critical. In disease states, the balance is lost and a number of carbohydrate based metabolic disorders are established within the medical community. Overall, this review considers digestive and metabolic issues associated with free monosaccharides commonly consumed in the human diet. Further reviews will focus on common di-, oligo and polysaccharides relevant to digestive energy and overall health.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Disaccharides; Disease; Fructose; Galactose; Glucose; Health; Humans; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Monosaccharides; Oligosaccharides; Polysaccharides; Starch
PubMed: 31451258
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.07.004 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2022Glycolysis represents the process of breaking down monosaccharides, which involves the energy metabolism, homeostasis, and the linkage of various physiological functions...
Glycolysis represents the process of breaking down monosaccharides, which involves the energy metabolism, homeostasis, and the linkage of various physiological functions such as muscle movement, development, neurotransmission, etc [...].
Topics: Energy Metabolism; Glycolysis; Homeostasis; Monosaccharides; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 35563443
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095052 -
Marine Drugs Dec 2021Marine natural compounds, containing rare and enzymatically-modified monosaccharide residues [...].
Marine natural compounds, containing rare and enzymatically-modified monosaccharide residues [...].
Topics: Carbohydrates; Monosaccharides
PubMed: 34940693
DOI: 10.3390/md19120694 -
Biochemistry Sep 2020In this review, we focus on the metabolism of mammalian glycan-associated monosaccharides, where the vast majority of our current knowledge comes from research done... (Review)
Review
In this review, we focus on the metabolism of mammalian glycan-associated monosaccharides, where the vast majority of our current knowledge comes from research done during the 1960s and 1970s. Most monosaccharides enter the cell using distinct, often tissue specific transporters from the SLC2A family. If not catabolized, these monosaccharides can be activated to donor nucleotide sugars and used for glycan synthesis. Apart from exogenous and dietary sources, all monosaccharides and their associated nucleotide sugars can be synthesized , using mostly glucose to produce all nine nucleotide sugars present in human cells. Today, monosaccharides are used as treatment options for a small number of rare genetic disorders and even some common conditions. Here, we cover therapeutic applications of these sugars and highlight biochemical gaps that must be revisited as we go forward.
Topics: Dietary Carbohydrates; Glycosylation; Humans; Monosaccharides
PubMed: 31398011
DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00565 -
Nature Chemistry Dec 2020Metabolic glycoengineering with unnatural sugars provides a powerful tool to label cell membranes with chemical tags for subsequent targeted conjugation of molecular... (Review)
Review
Metabolic glycoengineering with unnatural sugars provides a powerful tool to label cell membranes with chemical tags for subsequent targeted conjugation of molecular cargos via efficient chemistries. This technology has been widely explored for cancer labelling and targeting. However, as this metabolic labelling process can occur in both cancerous and normal cells, cancer-selective labelling needs to be achieved to develop cancer-targeted therapies. Unnatural sugars can be either rationally designed to enable preferential labelling of cancer cells, or specifically delivered to cancerous tissues. In this Review Article, we will discuss the progress to date in design and delivery of unnatural sugars for metabolic labelling of tumour cells and subsequent development of tumour-targeted therapy. Metabolic cell labelling for cancer immunotherapy will also be discussed. Finally, we will provide a perspective on future directions of metabolic labelling of cancer and immune cells for the development of potent, clinically translatable cancer therapies.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Azides; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Membrane; Click Chemistry; Drug Carriers; Humans; Immunotherapy; Monosaccharides; Neoplasms; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 33219365
DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00587-w -
Glycobiology Dec 2021A distinctive feature of glycans vis-à-vis proteins and nucleic acids is its structural complexity, which arises from the huge repertoire of monosaccharides, isomeric...
A distinctive feature of glycans vis-à-vis proteins and nucleic acids is its structural complexity, which arises from the huge repertoire of monosaccharides, isomeric linkages and branching. A very large number of monosaccharides have so far been discovered in natural glycans. Experimentally, pathways for the biosynthesis have been characterized completely for 55 monosaccharides and partially for a few more. However, there is no single platform, which provides information about monosaccharide biosynthesis pathways and associated enzymes We have gathered 572 experimentally characterized enzymes of 66 biosynthesis pathways from literature and set up a first of its kind database called the Monosaccharide Biosynthesis Pathways Database http://www.bio.iitb.ac.in/mbpd/). Annotations such as the reaction catalyzed, substrate specificity, biosynthesis pathway and PubMed IDs are provided for all the enzymes in the database. Sequence homologs of the experimentally characterized enzymes found in nearly 13,000 completely sequenced genomes from Bacteria and Archaea have also been included in the database. This platform will help in the deduction of evolutionary relationships among enzymes such as aminotransferases, nucleotidyltransferases, acetyltransferases and SDR family enzymes. It can also facilitate experimental studies such as direct enzyme assays to validate putative annotations, establish structure-function relationship, expression profiling to determine the function, determine the phenotypic consequences of gene knock-out/knock-in and complementation studies.
Topics: Archaea; Bacteria; Databases, Factual; Monosaccharides; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 33909069
DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab030 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Reviews... Nov 2023Studies examining the regulatory roles and clinical applications of monosaccharides other than glucose in cancer have been neglected. Mannose, a common type of... (Review)
Review
Studies examining the regulatory roles and clinical applications of monosaccharides other than glucose in cancer have been neglected. Mannose, a common type of monosaccharide found in human body fluids and tissues, primarily functions in protein glycosylation rather than carbohydrate metabolism. Recent research has demonstrated direct anticancer effects of mannose in vitro and in vivo. Simply supplementing cell culture medium or drinking water with mannose achieved these effects. Moreover, mannose enhances the effectiveness of current cancer treatments including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immune therapy. Besides the advancements in basic research on the anticancer effects of mannose, recent studies have reported its application as a biomarker for cancer or in the delivery of anticancer drugs using mannose-modified drug delivery systems. This review discusses the progress made in understanding the regulatory roles of mannose in cancer progression, the mechanisms underlying its anticancer effects, and its current application in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Humans; Mannose; Neoplasms; Antineoplastic Agents; Glucose; Drug Delivery Systems
PubMed: 37657682
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188970 -
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Aug 2022Saccharides play critical roles in many forms of cellular activities. Saccharide structures are however complicated and similar, setting a technical hurdle for direct...
Saccharides play critical roles in many forms of cellular activities. Saccharide structures are however complicated and similar, setting a technical hurdle for direct identification. Nanopores, which are emerging single molecule tools sensitive to minor structural differences between analytes, can be engineered to identity saccharides. A hetero-octameric Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A nanopore containing a phenylboronic acid was prepared, and was able to clearly identify nine monosaccharide types, including D-fructose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-glucose, L-sorbose, D-ribose, D-xylose, L-rhamnose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. Minor structural differences between saccharide epimers can also be distinguished. To assist automatic event classification, a machine learning algorithm was developed, with which a general accuracy score of 0.96 was achieved. This sensing strategy is generally suitable for other saccharide types and may bring new insights to nanopore saccharide sequencing.
Topics: Carbohydrates; Fructose; Galactose; Monosaccharides; Nanopores
PubMed: 35718742
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203769 -
Glycobiology Mar 2024It is important to recognize the great diversity of monosaccharides commonly encountered in animals, plants, and microbes, as well as to organize them in a visually...
It is important to recognize the great diversity of monosaccharides commonly encountered in animals, plants, and microbes, as well as to organize them in a visually interesting style that also emphasizes their similarities and relatedness. This article discusses the nature of building blocks, monosaccharides, and monosaccharide derivatives-terms commonly used in discussing "glycomolecules" found in nature. To aid in awareness of monosaccharide diversity, here is presented a Periodic Table of Monosaccharides. The rationale is given for construction of the Table and the selection of 103 monosaccharides, which is largely based on those presented in the KEGG and SNFG websites of monosaccharides, and includes room to enlarge as new discoveries are made. The Table should have educational value and is intended to capture the attention and foster imagination of those not very familiar with glycosciences, and encourage researchers to delve deeper into this fascinating area.
Topics: Animals; Monosaccharides; Plants
PubMed: 37935401
DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad088