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Biomedical Chromatography : BMC Jul 2022As a representative medicinal plant in the Orchidaceae, Bletilla striata plays a variety of pharmacological roles in the clinic. However, the emergence of counterfeit...
As a representative medicinal plant in the Orchidaceae, Bletilla striata plays a variety of pharmacological roles in the clinic. However, the emergence of counterfeit species is affecting the basic medicinal materials source identification process, for which Bletilla ochracea and Oreorchis foliosa of the Orchidaceae are two representative species. For this study, 13 representative B. striata samples, three B. ochracea samples and three O. foliosa samples were selected for the systematic determination of polysaccharide yields and monosaccharide composition, and further detection of secondary metabolites by HPLC-MS. The results revealed that there was a significant difference in the yields of polysaccharides between B. striata and B. ochracea (p = 0.006). Although the polysaccharides of both species were composed of glucose and mannose, the molar ratio of the two monosaccharides was different, suggesting that the structures of the polysaccharides were different. The metabolomics results showed that there were no differences in the types of metabolites between B. striata and B. ochracea; however, there were differences in the contents of these metabolites. Although there was no significant difference in the polysaccharide yields of B. striata and O. foliosa (p = 0.074) and the monosaccharide composition was the same (glucose and mannose), many different metabolites were screened out between them: six compounds such as C H O existed only in B. striata, while substance C H O was unique to O. foliosa. Therefore, based on the analysis of the polysaccharide content and monosaccharide composition, combined with phase metabolomics research, a preliminary distinction between B. striata, B. ochracea and O. foliosa was achieved.
Topics: Glucose; Mannose; Metabolomics; Orchidaceae; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 35338508
DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5376 -
Journal of Biomolecular Structure &... May 2023Self-assembly of cholesterol (CHL) is infamous for its diverse deleterious effects on human health. Clinical research over several decades indicates that a diet rich in...
Self-assembly of cholesterol (CHL) is infamous for its diverse deleterious effects on human health. Clinical research over several decades indicates that a diet rich in CHL typically leads to arterial plaques, cataracts and gall stones among others. Carbohydrates like the -glucans efficiently lower serum CHL, possibly by inhibiting CHL absorption in the digestive tract. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we explore how -D-glucose (BGLC), the building block of -glucans, interferes with CHL aggregation. BGLC slows down CHL diffusion and disrupts the formation of the robust hydrophobic CHL assembly. Estimation of the translational entropy of the CHL molecules shows the extent of retardation induced by BGLC. Coordination numbers obtained from the adjacency matrix and collective variable analysis of the packing of the CHL molecules in presence of BGLC show the time evolution of CHL aggregation. In presence of BGLC, small isolated CHL islands form, consolidate and disintegrate over time as compared to the blank CHL system. The predominance of smaller CHL clusters is an effect of the significant retardation of the translational motion of CHL molecules induced by BGLC.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Topics: Humans; Monosaccharides; Glucose; Cataract; Cholesterol; beta-Glucans
PubMed: 35254222
DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2048076 -
International Journal of Biological... Apr 2024Polysaccharides are biomolecules composed of monosaccharides that are widely found in animals, plants and microorganisms and are of interest for their various health... (Review)
Review
Polysaccharides are biomolecules composed of monosaccharides that are widely found in animals, plants and microorganisms and are of interest for their various health benefits. Cumulative studies have shown that the modulation of radiation-induced apoptosis by polysaccharides can be effective in preventing and treating a wide range of radiation injuries with safety and few side effects. Therefore, this paper summarizes the monosaccharide compositions, molecular weights, and structure-activity relationships of natural polysaccharides that regulate radiation-induced apoptosis, and also reviews the molecular mechanisms by which these polysaccharides modulate radiation-induced apoptosis, primarily focusing on promoting cancer cell apoptosis to enhance radiotherapy efficacy, reducing radiation damage to normal tissues, and inhibiting apoptosis in normal cells. Additionally, the role of gut microbiota in mediating the interaction between polysaccharides and radiation is discussed, providing innovative ideas for various radiation injuries, including hematopoiesis, immunity, and organ damage. This review will contribute to a better understanding of the value of natural polysaccharides in the field of radiation and provide guidance for the development of natural radioprotective agents and radiosensitizers.
Topics: Animals; Radiation-Protective Agents; Radiation Injuries; Apoptosis; Polysaccharides; Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; Monosaccharides
PubMed: 38360238
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130173 -
Microbial Genomics Nov 2020Several monosaccharides constitute naturally occurring glycans, but it is uncertain whether they constitute a universal set like the alphabets of proteins and DNA. Based...
Several monosaccharides constitute naturally occurring glycans, but it is uncertain whether they constitute a universal set like the alphabets of proteins and DNA. Based on the available experimental observations, it is hypothesized herein that the glycan alphabet is not universal. Data on the presence/absence of pathways for the biosynthesis of 55 monosaccharides in 12 939 completely sequenced archaeal and bacterial genomes are presented in support of this hypothesis. Pathways were identified by searching for homologues of biosynthesis pathway enzymes. Substantial variations were observed in the set of monosaccharides used by organisms belonging to the same phylum, genera and even species. Monosaccharides were grouped as common, less common and rare based on their prevalence in Archaea and Bacteria. It was observed that fewer enzymes are sufficient to biosynthesize monosaccharides in the common group. It appears that the common group originated before the formation of the three domains of life. In contrast, the rare group is confined to a few species in a few phyla, suggesting that these monosaccharides evolved much later. Fold conservation, as observed in aminotransferases and SDR (short-chain dehydrogenase reductase) superfamily members involved in monosaccharide biosynthesis, suggests neo- and sub-functionalization of genes led to the formation of the rare group monosaccharides. The non-universality of the glycan alphabet begets questions about the role of different monosaccharides in determining an organism's fitness.
Topics: Archaea; Bacteria; Carbonyl Reductase (NADPH); Genome, Archaeal; Genome, Bacterial; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Monosaccharides; Polysaccharides; Transaminases
PubMed: 33048043
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000452 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jan 2024FAD-dependent pyranose oxidase (POx) and -glycoside-3-oxidase (CGOx) are both members of the glucose-methanol-choline superfamily of oxidoreductases and belong to the...
FAD-dependent pyranose oxidase (POx) and -glycoside-3-oxidase (CGOx) are both members of the glucose-methanol-choline superfamily of oxidoreductases and belong to the same sequence space. Pyranose oxidases had been studied for their oxidation of monosaccharides such as D-glucose, but recently, a bacterial -glycoside-3-oxidase that is phylogenetically related to POx and that reacts with -glycosides such as carminic acid, mangiferin or puerarin has been described. Since these actinobacterial CGOx enzymes belong to the same sequence space as bacterial POx, they must have evolved from the same ancestor. Here, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of actinobacterial sequences and resurrected seven ancestral enzymes of the POx/CGOx sequence space to study the evolutionary trajectory of substrate preferences for monosaccharides and -glycosides. Clade I, with its dimeric member POx from , shows strict preference for monosaccharides (D-glucose and D-xylose) and does not react with any of the glycosides tested. No extant member of clade II has been studied to date. The two extant members of clades III and IV, monomeric POx/CGOx from and , oxidized both monosaccharides as well as various -glycosides (homoorientin, isovitexin, mangiferin, and puerarin). Steady-state kinetic parameters of several clades III and IV ancestral enzymes indicate that the generalist ancestor N35 slowly evolved to present-day enzymes with a much higher preference for -glycosides than monosaccharides. Based on structural predictions of ancestors, we hypothesize that the strict specificity of bacterial clade I POx (and also fungal POx) is the result of oligomerization, which in turn results from the evolution of protein segments that were shown to be important for oligomerization, the arm, and the head domain.IMPORTANCE-Glycosides often form active compounds in various plants. Breakage of the C-C bond in these glycosides to release the aglycone is challenging and proceeds via a two-step reaction, the oxidation of the sugar and subsequent cleavage of the C-C bond. Recently, an enzyme from a soil bacterium, FAD-dependent -glycoside-3-oxidase (CGOx), was shown to catalyze the initial oxidation reaction. Here, we show that CGOx belongs to the same sequence space as pyranose oxidase (POx), and that an actinobacterial ancestor of the POx/CGOx family evolved into four clades, two of which show a high preference for -glycosides.
Topics: Oxidoreductases; Phylogeny; Glycosides; Monosaccharides; Glucose
PubMed: 38179968
DOI: 10.1128/aem.01676-23 -
Chemical Communications (Cambridge,... Nov 2022The biosynthesis of glycans is a highly conserved biological process and found in all domains of life. The expression of cell surface glycans is increasingly recognized... (Review)
Review
The biosynthesis of glycans is a highly conserved biological process and found in all domains of life. The expression of cell surface glycans is increasingly recognized as a target for therapeutic intervention given the role of glycans in major pathologies such as cancer and microbial infection. Herein, we summarize our contributions to the development of unnatural monosaccharide derivatives to infiltrate and alter the expression of both mammalian and bacterial glycans and their therapeutic application.
Topics: Animals; Fucose; Mammals; Monosaccharides; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; Polysaccharides; Bacteria
PubMed: 36222364
DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04275d -
Food Chemistry Feb 2023Water-soluble polysaccharides (WSP) were extracted from the pulp of litchi. Its main component was identified as arabinogalactan. The dominant monosaccharide...
Water-soluble polysaccharides (WSP) were extracted from the pulp of litchi. Its main component was identified as arabinogalactan. The dominant monosaccharide constituents were arabinose and galactose. Galactose and mannose accumulated at the end of storage. ATP, ADP and AMP levels declined with increasing pulp breakdown index. WSP depolymerized which was characterized by a decrease in its content and molecular weight, while its structure remained stable during storage. Polygalacturonase and pectate lyase (PL) were active at the early storage time, and β-galactosidase (GAL) and α-l-arabinofuranosidase followed thereafter. Except for some pectin methylesterase (LcPME), LcPL, LcGAL and LcPME gene expression was downregulated. It was deduced that depolymerization of polysaccharides was mainly caused by the rupture of the branched side chain and glacturonic acid backbone to smaller repeating units, and both cell wall-degrading enzymes and nonenzymatic factors, such as energy level, participated in the degradation of polysaccharides, and consequently pulp breakdown of litchi.
Topics: Litchi; Polygalacturonase; Arabinose; Water; Galactose; Mannose; Polysaccharides; Fruit; Monosaccharides; beta-Galactosidase; Adenosine Diphosphate; Adenosine Monophosphate; Adenosine Triphosphate
PubMed: 36150360
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134289 -
Food Chemistry May 2020The physical properties of the mucilage polysaccharides of Dioscorea opposita (DOMP) were investigated in this study. The monosaccharide and amino acid contents, and...
The physical properties of the mucilage polysaccharides of Dioscorea opposita (DOMP) were investigated in this study. The monosaccharide and amino acid contents, and molecular weight were determined, and morphology was observed. The rheological and emulsifying properties of different concentrations of DOMP were determined at acidic and basic pH (pH 5.0 and 9.0). The glucose and protein contents were 11.05% and 13.39%, respectively, and the average molecular weight was 9062 Da. The DOMP particles were spheres of 0.18 μm diameter, which aggregated in solution. The viscosity of DOMP decreased gradually with increase in shear rate, which was indicative of pseudoplastic characteristics. DOMP showed relatively better emulsification properties than Konjac glucomannan (KGM). The particle size of DOMP decreased and its emulsifying properties improved under both acidic and basic conditions. These results suggested that DOMP can be used as a natural processing agent for improving the mouth-feel of food.
Topics: Amino Acids; Dioscorea; Emulsifying Agents; Food Handling; Humans; Molecular Weight; Monosaccharides; Particle Size; Plant Mucilage; Polysaccharides; Rheology; Viscosity
PubMed: 31869644
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126039 -
Journal of Biochemistry Jun 2023High monosaccharide levels are intimately associated with diabetes and impact tendon cells through inflammation and impairment in metabolic homeostasis. Experiments were...
High monosaccharide levels are intimately associated with diabetes and impact tendon cells through inflammation and impairment in metabolic homeostasis. Experiments were designed to understand the responses elicited by cultured tenocytes under monosaccharide stress induced by hyperglycemia and hyperfructosemia. We simulated hyperglycemia and hyperfructosemia in vitro by treating tenocytes with media containing sublethal concentrations of glucose and fructose, respectively. Exposure of tenocytes to high glucose and high fructose altered the levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL10 and IL-17A. AMPK expression was increased in high-glucose and decreased in high-fructose groups. High fructose increased the level of IRS-1 compared with the control. Increased mitochondrial superoxide levels and compromised mitochondrial membrane integrity were exhibited by both the groups. The findings from the network analysis revealed many altered genes that are related to pathways for enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling, positive regulation of metabolic processes, transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase pathway, insulin receptor signaling and regulation of cytokine production. Overall, the data suggest that the tenocytes under high monosaccharide levels exhibit survival responses by altering the expression status of cytokines and metabolic mediators that are involved in the underlying pathogenesis of tendinopathy.
Topics: Humans; Tenocytes; Fructose; Hyperglycemia; Glucose; Monosaccharides
PubMed: 36921293
DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad023 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023We optimized an ultrasound-assisted extraction process of mycelium polysaccharides (PLPs) and studied their monosaccharide composition and bacteriostatic properties....
We optimized an ultrasound-assisted extraction process of mycelium polysaccharides (PLPs) and studied their monosaccharide composition and bacteriostatic properties. Based on a single-factor experiment, a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction process of PLP, using the yield of PLP as the index. The chemical composition and monosaccharide composition of PLP were determined by chemical analysis and HPLC analysis, respectively. Microscopic morphological analysis of the surface of PLP was performed via swept-surface electron microscopy. The bacteriostatic properties of PLP were determined using the spectrophotometric turbidimetric method. The results showed that the best extraction process of PLP with ultrasonic assistance achieved a result of 1:42 g/mL. In this method, the ultrasonic temperature was 60 °C, ultrasonic extraction was performed for 20 min, and the yield of PLP was 12.98%. The monosaccharide composition of PLP mainly contains glucose (Glc), mannose (Man), galactose (Gal), and glucuronic acid (GlcA). The intracellular polysaccharide of Phellinus igniarius Mycelia (PIP) is an irregular spherical accumulation, the surface is rough and not smooth, and the extracellular polysaccharide (PEP) is a crumbly accumulation. PIP has a stronger inhibitory ability for and and a slightly weaker inhibitory effect for ; the inhibitory effect of PEP on , , and is slightly inferior to that of PIP.
Topics: Humans; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; Polysaccharides; Monosaccharides
PubMed: 37446762
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135102