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Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Jan 2020Reproductive health (abortion, contraception, sex education, and assisted reproductive technologies) is being eroded by regressive laws and policies shaped by political... (Review)
Review
Reproductive health (abortion, contraception, sex education, and assisted reproductive technologies) is being eroded by regressive laws and policies shaped by political conservatism, both domestically and internationally. Framing this aspect of women's health care as immoral, abortion opponents claim a moral high ground that results in a deference by reproductive health advocates who fail to raise moral arguments in rebuttal to these assertions, unnecessarily. This paper argues that reproductive rights, health, and justice are human rights-based and, hence, are moral frameworks that can and should be used to effectively counter pernicious reproductive health policies.
Topics: Abortion, Induced; Contraception; Female; Humans; Morals; Pregnancy; Reproductive Health; Reproductive Rights; Social Justice; Women's Rights
PubMed: 31540808
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.07.006 -
Memory & Cognition Feb 2020People tend to believe that they truly are morally good, and yet they commit moral transgressions with surprising frequency in their everyday lives. To explain this...
People tend to believe that they truly are morally good, and yet they commit moral transgressions with surprising frequency in their everyday lives. To explain this phenomenon, some theorists have suggested that people remember their moral transgressions with fewer details, lower vivacity, and less clarity, relative to their morally good deeds and other kinds of past events. These phenomenological differences are thought to help alleviate psychological discomfort and to help people maintain a morally good self-concept. Given these motivations to alleviate discomfort and to maintain a morally good self-concept, we might expect our more egregious moral transgressions, relative to our more minor transgressions, to be remembered less frequently, with fewer details, with lower vivacity, and with a reduced sense of reliving. More severe moral transgressions might also be less central to constructions of personal identity. In contrast to these expectations, our results suggest that participants' more severe moral transgressions are actually remembered more frequently, more vividly, and with more detail. More severe moral transgressions also tend to be more central to personal identity. We discuss the implications of these results for the motivation to maintain a morally good self-concept and for the functions of autobiographical memory.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Memory, Episodic; Mental Recall; Morals; Self Concept; Social Behavior; Young Adult
PubMed: 31989484
DOI: 10.3758/s13421-019-01009-0 -
Journal of the Royal Society, Interface Feb 2021One-shot anonymous unselfishness in economic games is commonly explained by social preferences, which assume that people care about the monetary pay-offs of others.... (Review)
Review
One-shot anonymous unselfishness in economic games is commonly explained by social preferences, which assume that people care about the monetary pay-offs of others. However, during the last 10 years, research has shown that different types of unselfish behaviour, including cooperation, altruism, truth-telling, altruistic punishment and trustworthiness are in fact better explained by preferences for following one's own personal norms-internal standards about what is right or wrong in a given situation. Beyond better organizing various forms of unselfish behaviour, this moral preference hypothesis has recently also been used to increase charitable donations, simply by means of interventions that make the morality of an action salient. Here we review experimental and theoretical work dedicated to this rapidly growing field of research, and in doing so we outline mathematical foundations for moral preferences that can be used in future models to better understand selfless human actions and to adjust policies accordingly. These foundations can also be used by artificial intelligence to better navigate the complex landscape of human morality.
Topics: Altruism; Artificial Intelligence; Cooperative Behavior; Humans; Mathematics; Morals; Punishment
PubMed: 33561377
DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0880 -
Current Opinion in Psychology Dec 2022We locate our review of recent social scientific literature on non-Western migrants in Western liberal democracies within two opposing master narratives: a subtractive... (Review)
Review
We locate our review of recent social scientific literature on non-Western migrants in Western liberal democracies within two opposing master narratives: a subtractive and an additive view of migration. Within this framework, we bring to light the contemporary conceptualizations of non-Western migrants in psychology by focusing on trauma. We then examine the cultural and moral clashes that sometimes arise from trans-global migration and the psychology of integration. We end by highlighting the importance of further research on cultural pluralism and omniculturalism to help foster more peaceful and diverse societies.
Topics: Humans; Transients and Migrants; Morals; Cultural Diversity
PubMed: 36099678
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101454 -
Bioethics Jul 2023Skepticism about ethical expertise has grown common, raising concerns that bioethicists' roles are inappropriate or depend on something other than expertise in ethics....
Skepticism about ethical expertise has grown common, raising concerns that bioethicists' roles are inappropriate or depend on something other than expertise in ethics. While these roles may depend on skills other than those of expertise, overlooking the role of expertise in ethics distorts our conception of moral advising. This paper argues that motivations to reject ethical expertise often stem from concerns about elitism: either an intellectualist elitism, where some privileged elite have supposedly special access in virtue of expertise in moral theory; or an authoritarian elitism, where our reliance on experts in ethics risks violation of autonomy and democracy. The paper sketches an anti-elitist conception of ethics expertise in bioethics as continuous with an anti-elitist conception of ethics expertise in common moral practice, undercutting the intellectualism, and then uses this anti-elitist conception to reject arguments that ethical expertise violates autonomy or democracy. An anti-elitist picture of ethical expertise both renders it consistent with our general moral practice and allows us to resist skeptical concerns.
Topics: Humans; Morals; Bioethics; Ethicists; Ethical Theory; Dissent and Disputes
PubMed: 35403726
DOI: 10.1111/bioe.13034 -
Hu Li Za Zhi the Journal of Nursing Dec 2022The leadership style of head nurses affects the organizational atmosphere of nursing teams.
BACKGROUND
The leadership style of head nurses affects the organizational atmosphere of nursing teams.
PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between head nurse leadership styles and nurses' morale and intention to stay, as well as the explained variance for each.
METHODS
The descriptive correlational design employed in this study used a convenience sample of 790 nursing staff working at a medical center in southern Taiwan. We cross-sectionally surveyed each participant's intention to stay, morale, and perception of their head nurse's leadership style.
RESULTS
The participants perceived their head nurses as having both transformational and transactional leadership styles. A moderate to highly positive correlation was identified among leadership style, morale, and intention to stay. One-way analyses of variance found that the participants who were seniors, were married, had children, were at clinical ladder N3 or above, had rotation experience, and held a public servant position had relatively higher morale and intention to stay. After controlling for potentially confounding factors, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the explained variance of leadership styles on intention to stay and morale was 22% and 28%, respectively. Transformational leadership was found to significantly predict intention to stay and morale. However, transactional leadership significantly impacted morale only, albeit at a lower level than transformational leadership.
CONCLUSIONS / IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
How nurses perceive the leadership style of their head nurses may affect their intention to stay and morale while at work. Advanced training to strengthen and internalize leadership styles for head nurses is suggested. Creating a positive and friendly working environment is conducive to improving the morale of nurses and retention rates in the nursing workplace.
Topics: Child; Humans; Intention; Leadership; Morale; Career Mobility; Nurses
PubMed: 36455913
DOI: 10.6224/JN.202212_69(6).07 -
Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin Jun 2020The concept of self-respect has received little attention in the psychological literature and is not clearly distinguished from self-esteem. The present research sought...
The concept of self-respect has received little attention in the psychological literature and is not clearly distinguished from self-esteem. The present research sought to empirically investigate the bases of self-respect by manipulating adherence to morals together with interpersonal appraisals (IAs), or task-related competence, in hypothetical scenarios (Studies 1a and 1b) and a situation participants relived (Studies 2 and 3). Participants' levels of state self-respect and self-esteem were measured. Studies 1 to 3 found main effects of adherence to morals on self-respect, with self-respect mediating the effect of adherence to morals on self-esteem, but little support for competence and IAs directly influencing self-respect. Self-respect uniquely contributed to anticipated/felt self-esteem alongside competence or IAs. The pattern of results supports the conceptualization of self-respect as a component of self-esteem associated with morally principled conduct, distinct from performance and social self-esteem. The findings have implications for our understanding of self-esteem and moral behavior.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Morals; Self Concept; Students; Surveys and Questionnaires; United Kingdom; Young Adult
PubMed: 31635529
DOI: 10.1177/0146167219879115 -
Personality and Social Psychology... 2019We review empirical research on (social) psychology of morality to identify which issues and relations are well documented by existing data and which areas of inquiry... (Review)
Review
We review empirical research on (social) psychology of morality to identify which issues and relations are well documented by existing data and which areas of inquiry are in need of further empirical evidence. An electronic literature search yielded a total of 1,278 relevant research articles published from 1940 through 2017. These were subjected to expert content analysis and standardized bibliometric analysis to classify research questions and relate these to (trends in) empirical approaches that characterize research on morality. We categorize the research questions addressed in this literature into five different themes and consider how empirical approaches within each of these themes have addressed psychological antecedents and implications of moral behavior. We conclude that some key features of theoretical questions relating to human morality are not systematically captured in empirical research and are in need of further investigation.
Topics: Bibliometrics; Emotions; Humans; Morals; Psychology, Social; Research; Self Concept
PubMed: 30658545
DOI: 10.1177/1088868318811759 -
Annual Review of Psychology Jan 2024There is always room for moral improvement. However, very few prior reviews have focused on the phenomenon of moral improvement of self, social relations, or society. We... (Review)
Review
There is always room for moral improvement. However, very few prior reviews have focused on the phenomenon of moral improvement of self, social relations, or society. We first consider prevailing notions of the self-concept by highlighting the niche of theory and research that identifies an improving self as a possible identity and basis of motivation to act better and to be better. Second, we discuss moral improvement in the context of social relations, especially the close interpersonal relations that should most facilitate moral improvement. Third, we examine the moral improvement of society, focusing on the factors that facilitate or inhibit caring about potential immorality despite the fact that issues such as inequality, discrimination, and the climate crisis seem to be morally distant and impersonal. Finally, we discuss future directions for theory, research, and application.
Topics: Humans; Morals; Interpersonal Relations; Motivation; Self Concept
PubMed: 37827197
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031614 -
The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy Aug 2022Prompted by recent comments on the moral authority of dialogic consensus, we argue that consensus, specifically dialogic consensus, possesses a unique form of moral...
Prompted by recent comments on the moral authority of dialogic consensus, we argue that consensus, specifically dialogic consensus, possesses a unique form of moral authority. Given our multicultural era and its plurality of values, we contend that traditional ethical frameworks or principles derived from them cannot be viewed substantively. Both philosophers and clinicians prioritize the need for a decision to be morally justifiable, and also for the decision to be action-guiding. We argue that, especially against the background of our pluralistic society, it is only via unforced dialogue and properly founded argumentation, aiming for consensus, that we can ascribe rightness or wrongness in a normative fashion to dilemmatic situations. We argue that both the process of dialogue, properly constituted, and the consensual outcome itself have moral authority vested within them. Finally, we argue that the consensual decision made is able to withstand moral scrutiny and is action-guiding, without claiming absolute moral authority in other contexts.
Topics: Consensus; Cultural Diversity; Humans; Morals
PubMed: 35751628
DOI: 10.1093/jmp/jhac007