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European Journal of Cancer Prevention :... Sep 2020Cancer mortality has declined over the last three decades in most high-income countries reflecting improvements in cancer prevention, diagnosis, and management. However,... (Review)
Review
Cancer mortality has declined over the last three decades in most high-income countries reflecting improvements in cancer prevention, diagnosis, and management. However, there are persisting and substantial differences in mortality, incidence, and survival worldwide. In order to provide an up-to-date overview of trends in mortality, incidence, and survival, we retrieved data from high-quality, population-based cancer registries for all cancers and 10 selected cancer sites in six high-income countries and the European Union. We computed age-standardized (world standard population) mortality and incidence rates, and applied joinpoint regression models. Mortality from all cancers and most common cancer sites has declined over the last 25 years, except for the pancreas and lung (in women). The patterns for incidence are less consistent between countries, except for a steady decrease in stomach cancer in both sexes and lung cancer in men. Survival for all cancers and the selected cancer sites increased in all countries, even if there is still a substantial variability. Although overall cancer death rates continue to decline, incidence rates have been levelling off among men and have been moderately increasing among women. These trends reflect changes in cancer risk factors, screening test use, diagnostic practices, and treatment advances. Many cancers can be prevented or treated effectively if they are diagnosed early. Population-based cancer incidence and mortality data can be used to focus efforts to decrease the cancer burden and regularly monitor progress towards cancer control goals.
Topics: Global Health; Humans; Incidence; Mortality; Neoplasms; Prognosis; Registries; Risk Factors; Survival Rate
PubMed: 32740162
DOI: 10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000594 -
NCHS Data Brief Dec 2022This report presents final 2021 U.S. mortality data on deaths and death rates by demographic and medical characteristics. These data provide information on mortality...
This report presents final 2021 U.S. mortality data on deaths and death rates by demographic and medical characteristics. These data provide information on mortality patterns among U.S. residents by variables such as sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, and cause of death. Life expectancy estimates, ageadjusted death rates, age-specific death rates, the 10 leading causes of death,infant mortality rates, and the 10 leading causes of infant death were analyzed by comparing 2021 and 2020 final data (1).
Topics: Infant; Humans; United States; Cause of Death; Sex Distribution; Infant Mortality; Life Expectancy; Mortality
PubMed: 36598387
DOI: No ID Found -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Oct 2019To investigate the association between weight changes across adulthood and mortality.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association between weight changes across adulthood and mortality.
DESIGN
Prospective cohort study.
SETTING
US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1988-94 and 1999-2014.
PARTICIPANTS
36 051 people aged 40 years or over with measured body weight and height at baseline and recalled weight at young adulthood (25 years old) and middle adulthood (10 years before baseline).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
All cause and cause specific mortality from baseline until 31 December 2015.
RESULTS
During a mean follow-up of 12.3 years, 10 500 deaths occurred. Compared with participants who remained at normal weight, those moving from the non-obese to obese category between young and middle adulthood had a 22% (hazard ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.11 to 1.33) and 49% (1.49, 1.21 to 1.83) higher risk of all cause mortality and heart disease mortality, respectively. Changing from obese to non-obese body mass index over this period was not significantly associated with mortality risk. An obese to non-obese weight change pattern from middle to late adulthood was associated with increased risk of all cause mortality (1.30, 1.16 to 1.45) and heart disease mortality (1.48, 1.14 to 1.92), whereas moving from the non-obese to obese category over this period was not significantly associated with mortality risk. Maintaining obesity across adulthood was consistently associated with increased risk of all cause mortality; the hazard ratio was 1.72 (1.52 to 1.95) from young to middle adulthood, 1.61 (1.41 to 1.84) from young to late adulthood, and 1.20 (1.09 to 1.32) from middle to late adulthood. Maximum overweight had a very modest or null association with mortality across adulthood. No significant associations were found between various weight change patterns and cancer mortality.
CONCLUSIONS
Stable obesity across adulthood, weight gain from young to middle adulthood, and weight loss from middle to late adulthood were associated with increased risks of mortality. The findings imply that maintaining normal weight across adulthood, especially preventing weight gain in early adulthood, is important for preventing premature deaths in later life.
Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cause of Death; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Mortality, Premature; Neoplasms; Nutrition Surveys; Obesity; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; United States; Waist-Height Ratio; Weight Gain; Weight Loss
PubMed: 31619383
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l5584 -
JAMA Network Open Sep 2021The association between long sleep duration and mortality appears stronger in East Asian populations than in North American or European populations.
IMPORTANCE
The association between long sleep duration and mortality appears stronger in East Asian populations than in North American or European populations.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the sex-specific association between sleep duration and all-cause and major-cause mortality in a pooled longitudinal cohort and to stratify the association by age and body mass index.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This cohort study of individual-level data from 9 cohorts in the Asia Cohort Consortium was performed from January 1, 1984, to December 31, 2002. The final population included participants from Japan, China, Singapore, and Korea. Mean (SD) follow-up time was 14.0 (5.0) years for men and 13.4 (5.3) years for women. Data analysis was performed from August 1, 2018, to May 31, 2021.
EXPOSURES
Self-reported sleep duration, with 7 hours as the reference category.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Mortality, including deaths from all causes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other causes. Sex-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression with shared frailty models adjusted for age and the key self-reported covariates of marital status, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, history of diabetes and hypertension, and menopausal status (for women).
RESULTS
For 322 721 participants (mean [SD] age, 54.5 [9.2] years; 178 542 [55.3%] female), 19 419 deaths occurred among men (mean [SD] age of men, 53.6 [9.0] years) and 13 768 deaths among women (mean [SD] age of women, 55.3 [9.2] years). A sleep duration of 7 hours was the nadir for associations with all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and other-cause mortality in both men and women, whereas 8 hours was the mode sleep duration among men and the second most common sleep duration among women. The association between sleep duration and all-cause mortality was J-shaped for both men and women. The greatest association for all-cause mortality was with sleep durations of 10 hours or longer for both men (hazard ratio [HR], 1.34; 95% CI, 1.26-1.44) and women (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.36-1.61). Sex was a significant modifier of the association between sleep duration and mortality from cardiovascular disease (χ25 = 13.47, P = .02), cancer (χ25 = 16.04, P = .007), and other causes (χ25 = 12.79, P = .03). Age was a significant modifier of the associations among men only (all-cause mortality: χ25 = 41.49, P < .001; cancer: χ25 = 27.94, P < .001; other-cause mortality: χ25 = 24.51, P < .001).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The findings of this cohort study suggest that sleep duration is a behavioral risk factor for mortality in both men and women. Age was a modifier of the association between sleep duration in men but not in women. Sleep duration recommendations in these populations may need to be considered in the context of sex and age.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cause of Death; China; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Japan; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Proportional Hazards Models; Republic of Korea; Sex Factors; Singapore; Sleep
PubMed: 34477853
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.22837 -
JAMA Nov 2019US life expectancy has not kept pace with that of other wealthy countries and is now decreasing.
IMPORTANCE
US life expectancy has not kept pace with that of other wealthy countries and is now decreasing.
OBJECTIVE
To examine vital statistics and review the history of changes in US life expectancy and increasing mortality rates; and to identify potential contributing factors, drawing insights from current literature and an analysis of state-level trends.
EVIDENCE
Life expectancy data for 1959-2016 and cause-specific mortality rates for 1999-2017 were obtained from the US Mortality Database and CDC WONDER, respectively. The analysis focused on midlife deaths (ages 25-64 years), stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geography (including the 50 states). Published research from January 1990 through August 2019 that examined relevant mortality trends and potential contributory factors was examined.
FINDINGS
Between 1959 and 2016, US life expectancy increased from 69.9 years to 78.9 years but declined for 3 consecutive years after 2014. The recent decrease in US life expectancy culminated a period of increasing cause-specific mortality among adults aged 25 to 64 years that began in the 1990s, ultimately producing an increase in all-cause mortality that began in 2010. During 2010-2017, midlife all-cause mortality rates increased from 328.5 deaths/100 000 to 348.2 deaths/100 000. By 2014, midlife mortality was increasing across all racial groups, caused by drug overdoses, alcohol abuse, suicides, and a diverse list of organ system diseases. The largest relative increases in midlife mortality rates occurred in New England (New Hampshire, 23.3%; Maine, 20.7%; Vermont, 19.9%) and the Ohio Valley (West Virginia, 23.0%; Ohio, 21.6%; Indiana, 14.8%; Kentucky, 14.7%). The increase in midlife mortality during 2010-2017 was associated with an estimated 33 307 excess US deaths, 32.8% of which occurred in 4 Ohio Valley states.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
US life expectancy increased for most of the past 60 years, but the rate of increase slowed over time and life expectancy decreased after 2014. A major contributor has been an increase in mortality from specific causes (eg, drug overdoses, suicides, organ system diseases) among young and middle-aged adults of all racial groups, with an onset as early as the 1990s and with the largest relative increases occurring in the Ohio Valley and New England. The implications for public health and the economy are substantial, making it vital to understand the underlying causes.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cause of Death; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Life Expectancy; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Social Determinants of Health; Substance-Related Disorders; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 31769830
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.16932 -
BMC Medicine Nov 2022Previous studies suggested that moderate coffee and tea consumption are associated with lower risk of mortality. However, the association between the combination of...
BACKGROUND
Previous studies suggested that moderate coffee and tea consumption are associated with lower risk of mortality. However, the association between the combination of coffee and tea consumption with the risk of mortality remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the separate and combined associations of coffee and tea consumption with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
METHODS
This prospective cohort study included 498,158 participants (37-73 years) from the UK Biobank between 2006 and 2010. Coffee and tea consumption were assessed at baseline using a self-reported questionnaire. All-cause and cause-specific mortalities, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory disease, and digestive disease mortality, were obtained from the national death registries. Cox regression analyses were conducted to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
RESULTS
After a median follow-up of 12.1 years, 34,699 deaths were identified. The associations of coffee and tea consumption with all-cause and cause-specific mortality attributable to CVD, respiratory disease, and digestive disease were nonlinear (all P nonlinear < 0.001). The association between separate coffee consumption and the risk of all-cause mortality was J-shaped, whereas that of separate tea consumption was reverse J-shaped. Drinking one cup of coffee or three cups of tea per day seemed to link with the lowest risk of mortality. In joint analyses, compared to neither coffee nor tea consumption, the combination of < 1-2 cups/day of coffee and 2-4 cups/day of tea had lower mortality risks for all-cause (HR, 0.78; 95% CI: 0.73-0.85), CVD (HR, 0.76; 95% CI: 0.64-0.91), and respiratory disease (HR, 0.69; 95% CI: 0.57-0.83) mortality. Nevertheless, the lowest HR (95% CI) of drinking both < 1-2 cup/day of coffee and ≥ 5 cups/day of tea for digestive disease mortality was 0.42 (0.34-0.53).
CONCLUSIONS
In this large prospective study, separate and combined coffee and tea consumption were inversely associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Tea; Coffee; Mortality; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Digestive System Diseases; Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; United Kingdom
PubMed: 36397104
DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02636-2 -
Nature Reviews. Endocrinology Jun 2020Accumulating data suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in younger people (aged <40 years), referred to as young-onset T2DM, has a more rapid deterioration of... (Review)
Review
Accumulating data suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in younger people (aged <40 years), referred to as young-onset T2DM, has a more rapid deterioration of β-cell function than is seen in later-onset T2DM. Furthermore, individuals with young-onset T2DM seem to have a higher risk of complications than those with type 1 diabetes mellitus. As the number of younger adults with T2DM increases, young-onset T2DM is predicted to become a more frequent feature of the broader diabetes mellitus population in both developing and developed nations, particularly in certain ethnicities. However, the magnitude of excess risk of premature death and incident complications remains incompletely understood; likewise, the potential reasons for this excess risk are unclear. Here, we review the evidence pertaining to young-onset T2DM and its current and future burden of disease in terms of incidence and prevalence in both developed and developing nations. In addition, we highlight the associations of young-onset T2DM with premature mortality and morbidity.
Topics: Adult; Age of Onset; Cause of Death; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Morbidity; Mortality; Mortality, Premature; Prevalence; Young Adult
PubMed: 32203408
DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0334-z -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Dec 2021Evidence-based approaches to preventing child death require evidence; without data on common causes of child mortality, taking effective action to prevent these deaths...
Evidence-based approaches to preventing child death require evidence; without data on common causes of child mortality, taking effective action to prevent these deaths is difficult at best. Minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) is a potentially powerful, but nascent, technique to obtain gold standard information on causes of death. The Gates Foundation committed to further establishing the methodology and obtain the highest quality information on the major causes of death for children under 5 years. In 2018, the MITS Surveillance Alliance was launched to implement, refine, and enhance the use of MITS across high mortality settings. The Alliance and its members have contributed to some remarkable opportunities to improve mortality surveillance, and we have only just begun to understand the possibilities on larger scales. This supplement showcases studies conducted by MITS Surveillance Alliance members and represents a significant contribution to the cause-of-death literature from high mortality settings.
Topics: Autopsy; Cause of Death; Child; Child Mortality; Child, Preschool; Humans
PubMed: 34910167
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab809 -
American Journal of Preventive Medicine Apr 2024Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality increased during the initial years of the COVID-19 pandemic, but whether these trends endured in 2022 is unknown. This analysis...
INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality increased during the initial years of the COVID-19 pandemic, but whether these trends endured in 2022 is unknown. This analysis describes temporal trends in CVD death rates from 2010 to 2022 and estimates excess CVD deaths from 2020 to 2022.
METHODS
Using national mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System, deaths among adults aged ≥35 years were classified by underlying cause of death International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision codes for CVD (I00-I99), heart disease (I00-I09, I11, I13, I20-I51), and stroke (I60-I69). Analyses in Joinpoint software identified trends in CVD age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) per 100,000 and estimated the number of excess CVD deaths from 2020 to 2022.
RESULTS
During 2010-2022, 10,951,403 CVD deaths occurred (75.6% heart disease, 16.9% stroke). The national CVD AAMR declined by 8.9% from 2010 to 2019 (456.6-416.0 per 100,000) and then increased by 9.3% from 2019 to 2022 to 454.5 per 100,000, which approximated the 2010 rate (456.7 per 100,000). From 2020 to 2022, 228,524 excess CVD deaths occurred, which was 9% more CVD deaths than expected based on trends from 2010 to 2019. Results varied by CVD subtype and population subgroup.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite stabilization of the public health emergency, declines in CVD mortality rates reversed in 2020 and remained high in 2022, representing almost a decade of lost progress and over 228,000 excess CVD deaths. Findings underscore the importance of prioritizing prevention and management of CVD to improve outcomes.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cause of Death; Pandemics; Heart Diseases; Stroke; Mortality
PubMed: 37972797
DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.11.009 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... Jul 2019Background: breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death for women worldwide. In the past two decades, published epidemiological reports in different parts of...
Background: breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death for women worldwide. In the past two decades, published epidemiological reports in different parts of the world show significant increase in breast cancer mortality rate. The aim of this study was to determine the 25-year trend of breast cancer mortality rate in 7 super regions defined by the Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), i.e. Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa and Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia and Oceania, Latin America and Caribbean, Central Europe and Eastern Europe and Central Asia, High-income. Methods: Our study population consisted of 195 world countries in the IHME pre-defined seven super regions. The age-standardized mortality rates from 1990 to 2015 were extracted from the IHME site. The reference life table for calculating mortality rates was constructed based on the lowest estimated age-specific mortality rates from all locations with populations over 5 million in the 2015 iteration of GBD. To determine the trend of breast cancer mortality rate, a generalized linear mixed model was fitted separately for each IHME region and super region. Results: Statistical analysis showed a significant increase for breast cancer mortality rate in all super regions, except for High-income super region. For total world countries, the mean breast cancer mortality rate was 13.77 per 100,000 in 1990 and the overall slope of mortality rate was 0.7 per 100,000 from 1990 to 2015. The results showed that Latin America and Caribbean the highest increasing trend of breast cancer mortality rate during the years 1990 to 2015 (1.48 per 100,000). Conclusion: In general, our finding showed a significant increase in breast cancer mortality rate in the world during the past 25 years, which could be due to increase in incidence and prevalence of this cancer. Low this increasing trend is an alarm for health policy makers in all countries, especially in developing countries and low-income regions which experienced sharp slopes of breast cancer mortality rate.
Topics: Age Factors; Breast Neoplasms; Databases, Factual; Developed Countries; Developing Countries; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Global Health; Humans; Incidence; Mortality; Prognosis; Survival Rate; Time Factors
PubMed: 31350959
DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.7.2015