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Revista de Neurologia Feb 2022Transient benign paroxysmal movement disorders in infancy encompass a group of disorders that appear during the neonatal period and in the first years of life, and that... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Transient benign paroxysmal movement disorders in infancy encompass a group of disorders that appear during the neonatal period and in the first years of life, and that spontaneously disappear without leaving consequences. This article aimed to review the main transient benign paroxysmal movement disorders in infancy, focusing on recognition and diagnostic approach.
DEVELOPMENT
Overall, it includes entities such as: jitteriness, benign neonatal sleep myoclonus, shuddering, benign myoclonus of early infancy, transient idiopathic dystonia in infancy, spasmus nutans, paroxysmal tonic upgaze of infancy, and benign paroxysmal torticollis.
CONCLUSION
Transient benign paroxysmal movement disorders are non-epileptic paroxysmal episodes, and their diagnosis is eminently clinical. The correct recognition of these entities is crucial to avoid anxiety, unnecessary complementary exams, and treatments.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Movement Disorders; Remission, Spontaneous
PubMed: 35148422
DOI: 10.33588/rn.7404.2021326 -
Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements... 2022Multiple sclerosis (MS), a subset of chronic primary inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system, is closely associated with various movement... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a subset of chronic primary inflammatory demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system, is closely associated with various movement disorders. These disorders may be due to MS pathophysiology or be coincidental. This review describes the full spectrum of movement disorders in MS with their possible mechanistic pathways and therapeutic modalities.
METHODS
The authors conducted a narrative literature review by searching for 'multiple sclerosis' and the specific movement disorder on PubMed until October 2021. Relevant articles were screened, selected, and included in the review according to groups of movement disorders.
RESULTS
The most prevalent movement disorders described in MS include restless leg syndrome, tremor, ataxia, parkinsonism, paroxysmal dyskinesias, chorea and ballism, facial myokymia, including hemifacial spasm and spastic paretic hemifacial contracture, tics, and tourettism. The anatomical basis of some of these disorders is poorly understood; however, the link between them and MS is supported by clinical and neuroimaging evidence. Treatment options are disorder-specific and often multidisciplinary, including pharmacological, surgical, and physical therapies.
DISCUSSION
Movements disorders in MS involve multiple pathophysiological processes and anatomical pathways. Since these disorders can be the presenting symptoms, they may aid in early diagnosis and managing the patient, including monitoring disease progression. Treatment of these disorders is a challenge. Further work needs to be done to understand the prevalence and the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for movement disorders in MS.
Topics: Chorea; Dyskinesias; Humans; Movement Disorders; Multiple Sclerosis; Tremor
PubMed: 35601204
DOI: 10.5334/tohm.671 -
Toxins Jan 2021Since its initial approval in 1989 by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of blepharospasm and other facial spasms, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has evolved... (Review)
Review
Since its initial approval in 1989 by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of blepharospasm and other facial spasms, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has evolved into a therapeutic modality for a variety of neurological and non-neurological disorders. With respect to neurologic movement disorders, BoNT has been reported to be effective for the treatment of dystonia, bruxism, tremors, tics, myoclonus, restless legs syndrome, tardive dyskinesia, and a variety of symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease. More recently, research with BoNT has expanded beyond its use as a powerful muscle relaxant and a peripherally active drug to its potential central nervous system applications in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Although BoNT is the most potent biologic toxin, when it is administered by knowledgeable and experienced clinicians, it is one of the safest therapeutic agents in clinical use. The primary aim of this article is to provide an update on recent advances in BoNT research with a focus on novel applications in the treatment of movement disorders. This comprehensive review of the literature provides a critical review of evidence-based clinical trials and highlights recent innovative pilot studies.
Topics: Botulinum Toxins; Dyskinesias; Humans; Movement Disorders; Neurotoxins; Restless Legs Syndrome
PubMed: 33430071
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010042 -
Movement Disorders : Official Journal... May 2022In 2016, the Movement Disorder Society Task Force for the Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders presented a new system for naming genetically determined movement... (Review)
Review
In 2016, the Movement Disorder Society Task Force for the Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders presented a new system for naming genetically determined movement disorders and provided a criterion-based list of confirmed monogenic movement disorders. Since then, a substantial number of novel disease-causing genes have been described, which warrant classification using this system. In addition, with this update, we further refined the system and propose dissolving the imaging-based categories of Primary Familial Brain Calcification and Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation and reclassifying these genetic conditions according to their predominant phenotype. We also introduce the novel category of Mixed Movement Disorders (MxMD), which includes conditions linked to multiple equally prominent movement disorder phenotypes. In this article, we present updated lists of newly confirmed monogenic causes of movement disorders. We found a total of 89 different newly identified genes that warrant a prefix based on our criteria; 6 genes for parkinsonism, 21 for dystonia, 38 for dominant and recessive ataxia, 5 for chorea, 7 for myoclonus, 13 for spastic paraplegia, 3 for paroxysmal movement disorders, and 6 for mixed movement disorder phenotypes; 10 genes were linked to combined phenotypes and have been assigned two new prefixes. The updated lists represent a resource for clinicians and researchers alike and they have also been published on the website of the Task Force for the Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders on the homepage of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (https://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS/About/Committees--Other-Groups/MDS-Task-Forces/Task-Force-on-Nomenclature-in-Movement-Disorders.htm). © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson Movement Disorder Society.
Topics: Dystonia; Dystonic Disorders; Humans; Movement Disorders; Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders; Phenotype
PubMed: 35481685
DOI: 10.1002/mds.28982 -
The Medical Clinics of North America May 2022Movement disorders are commonly encountered by the general practitioner and can be divided into 2 broad categories: hypokinetic and hyperkinetic. The former involves... (Review)
Review
Movement disorders are commonly encountered by the general practitioner and can be divided into 2 broad categories: hypokinetic and hyperkinetic. The former involves loss or slowing of movement, whereas the latter is characterized by excessive and involuntary movements. A careful history will guide the examiner to the appropriate category of movement disorders. As no laboratory test or radiologic study is confirmatory for these disorders, diagnosis must be made clinically and the neurologic examination is indispensable. In this article, we discuss physical examination techniques that will help diagnose common movement disorders.
Topics: Humans; Hypokinesia; Movement Disorders; Neurologic Examination
PubMed: 35491071
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2022.02.002 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine May 2021Movement disorders are a heterogeneous group of clinical syndromes in humans and animals characterized by involuntary movements without changes in consciousness. Canine...
Movement disorders are a heterogeneous group of clinical syndromes in humans and animals characterized by involuntary movements without changes in consciousness. Canine movement disorders broadly include tremors, peripheral nerve hyperexcitability disorders, paroxysmal dyskinesia, and dystonia. Of these, canine paroxysmal dyskinesias remain one of the more difficult to identify and characterize in dogs. Canine paroxysmal dyskinesias include an array of movement disorders in which there is a recurrent episode of abnormal, involuntary, movement. In this consensus statement, we recommend standard terminology for describing the various movement disorders with an emphasis on paroxysmal dyskinesia, as well as a preliminary classification and clinical approach to reporting cases. In the clinical approach to movement disorders, we recommend categorizing movements into hyperkinetic vs hypokinetic, paroxysmal vs persistent, exercise-induced vs not related to exercise, using a detailed description of movements using the recommended terminology presented here, differentiating movement disorders vs other differential diagnoses, and then finally, determining whether the paroxysmal dyskinesia is due to either inherited or acquired etiologies. This consensus statement represents a starting point for consistent reporting of clinical descriptions and terminology associated with canine movement disorders, with additional focus on paroxysmal dyskinesia. With consistent reporting and identification of additional genetic mutations responsible for these disorders, our understanding of the phenotype, genotype, and pathophysiology will continue to develop and inform further modification of these recommendations.
Topics: Animals; Chorea; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Dyskinesias; Mutation; Phenotype
PubMed: 33769611
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16108 -
Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences Apr 2021The dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging provides an objective tool for the assessment of dopaminergic function of presynaptic terminals which is valuable for the... (Review)
Review
The dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging provides an objective tool for the assessment of dopaminergic function of presynaptic terminals which is valuable for the differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders related to a striatal dopaminergic deficiency from movement disorders not related a striatal dopaminergic deficiency. DAT imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can be used to confirm or exclude a diagnosis of dopamine deficient parkinsonism in cases where the diagnosis is unclear. It can also detect the dopaminergic dysfunction in presymptomatic subjects at risk for Parkinson’s disease (PD) since the reduced radiotracer binding to DATs in striatum is already present in the prodromal stage of PD. This review covers the rationale of using DAT SPECT imaging in the diagnosis of PD and other parkinsonian disorders, specifically focusing on the practical aspects of imaging and routine clinical indications.
Topics: Corpus Striatum; Diagnosis, Differential; Dopamine; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Female; Humans; Male; Movement Disorders; Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders; Prodromal Symptoms; Protein Binding; Radioisotopes; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
PubMed: 33237660
DOI: 10.3906/sag-2008-253 -
Practical Neurology Oct 2020Dopamine receptor-blocking antipsychotics, first introduced into clinical practice in 1952, were hailed as a panacea in the treatment of a number of psychiatric... (Review)
Review
Dopamine receptor-blocking antipsychotics, first introduced into clinical practice in 1952, were hailed as a panacea in the treatment of a number of psychiatric disorders. However, within 5 years, this notion was to be shattered by the recognition of both acute and chronic drug-induced movement disorders which can accompany their administration. Tardive syndromes, denoting the delayed onset of movement disorders following administration of dopamine receptor-blocking (and also other) drugs, have diverse manifestations ranging from the classic oro-bucco-lingual dyskinesia, through dystonic craniocervical and trunk posturing, to abnormal breathing patterns. Although tardive syndromes have been an important part of movement disorder clinical practice for over 60 years, their pathophysiologic basis remains poorly understood and the optimal treatment approach remains unclear. This review summarises the current knowledge relating to these syndromes and provides clinicians with pragmatic, clinically focused guidance to their management.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Dementia; Disease Progression; Humans; Mental Disorders; Movement Disorders; Syndrome
PubMed: 32487722
DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2020-002566 -
Developmental Medicine and Child... Mar 2021Paediatric movement disorders (PMDs) comprise a large group of disorders (tics, myoclonus, tremor, dystonia, chorea, Parkinsonism, ataxia), often with mixed phenotypes....
Paediatric movement disorders (PMDs) comprise a large group of disorders (tics, myoclonus, tremor, dystonia, chorea, Parkinsonism, ataxia), often with mixed phenotypes. Determination of the underlying aetiology can be difficult given the broad differential diagnosis and the complexity of the genotype-phenotype relationships. This can make the diagnostic process time-consuming and difficult. In this overview, we present a diagnostic approach for PMDs, with emphasis on genetic causes. This approach can serve as a framework to lead the clinician through the diagnostic process in eight consecutive steps, including recognition of the different movement disorders, identification of a clinical syndrome, consideration of acquired causes, genetic testing including next-generation sequencing, post-sequencing phenotyping, and interpretation of test results. The aim of this approach is to increase the recognition and diagnostic yield in PMDs. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: An up-to-date description and diagnostic framework for testing of paediatric movement disorders is presented. The framework helps to determine which patients will benefit from next-generation sequencing.
Topics: Adolescent; Ataxia; Child; Chorea; Diagnosis, Differential; Dystonia; Humans; Movement Disorders; Pediatrics; Phenotype
PubMed: 33150968
DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14721 -
CNS Spectrums Apr 2022Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of tardive dyskinesia (TD) are imperative, as its symptoms can be highly disruptive to both patients and their caregivers.... (Review)
Review
Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of tardive dyskinesia (TD) are imperative, as its symptoms can be highly disruptive to both patients and their caregivers. Misdiagnosis can lead to incorrect interventions with suboptimal or even deleterious results. To aid in the identification and differentiation of TD in the psychiatric practice setting, we review its clinical features and movement phenomenology, as well as those of other antipsychotic-induced movement disorders, with accompanying links to illustrative videos. Exposure to dopamine receptor blocking agents (DRBAs) such as antipsychotics or antiemetics is associated with a spectrum of movement disorders including TD. The differential diagnosis of TD is based on history of DRBA exposure, recent discontinuation or dose reduction of a DRBA, and movement phenomenology. Common diagnostic challenges are the abnormal behaviors and dyskinesias associated with advanced age or chronic mental illness, and other movement disorders associated with DRBA therapy, such as akathisia, parkinsonian tremor, and tremor related to use of mood stabilizing agents (eg, lithium, divalproex). Duration of exposure may help rule out acute drug-induced syndromes such as acute dystonia or acute/subacute akathisia. Another important consideration is the potential for TD to present together with other drug-induced movement disorders (eg, parkinsonism, parkinsonian tremor, and postural tremor from mood stabilizers) in the same patient, which can complicate both diagnosis and management. After documentation of the phenomenology, severity, and distribution of TD movements, treatment options should be reviewed with the patient and caregivers.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Humans; Movement Disorders; Psychomotor Agitation; Tardive Dyskinesia; Tremor
PubMed: 33213556
DOI: 10.1017/S109285292000200X