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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023
Topics: Intestinal Mucosa; Infections
PubMed: 36794002
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1141131 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Oct 2023Delivery of vaccines via the mucosal route is regarded as the most effective mode of immunization to counteract infectious diseases that enter via mucosal tissues,... (Review)
Review
Delivery of vaccines via the mucosal route is regarded as the most effective mode of immunization to counteract infectious diseases that enter via mucosal tissues, including oral, nasal, pulmonary, intestinal, and urogenital surfaces. Mucosal vaccines not only induce local immune effector elements, such as secretory Immunoglobulin A (IgA) reaching the luminal site of the mucosa, but also systemic immunity. Moreover, mucosal vaccines may trigger immunity in distant mucosal tissues because of the homing of primed antigen-specific immune cells toward local and distant mucosal tissue via the common mucosal immune system. While most licensed intramuscular vaccines induce only systemic immunity, next-generation mucosal vaccines may outperform parenteral vaccination strategies by also eliciting protective mucosal immune responses that block infection and/or transmission. Especially the nasal route of vaccination, targeting the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, is attractive for local and distant mucosal immunization. In numerous studies, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have proved attractive as vaccine platform for homologous bacterial strains, but also as antigen delivery platform for heterologous antigens of nonbacterial diseases, including viruses, parasites, and cancer. Their application has also been extended to mucosal delivery. Here, we will summarize the characteristics and clinical potential of (engineered) OMVs as vaccine platform for mucosal, especially intranasal delivery.
Topics: Humans; Vaccines; Administration, Intranasal; Immunization; Vaccination; Immunity, Mucosal; Mucous Membrane
PubMed: 37598549
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102376 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Aug 2021As the gastrointestinal tract may also be a crucial entry or interaction site of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the role of the gut... (Review)
Review
As the gastrointestinal tract may also be a crucial entry or interaction site of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the role of the gut mucosal immune system as a first-line physical and immunological defense is critical. Furthermore, gastrointestinal involvement and symptoms in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have been linked to worse clinical outcomes. This review discusses recent data on the interactions between the virus and the immune cells and molecules in the mucosa during the infection. By carrying out appropriate investigations, the mucosal immune system role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in therapy and prevention can be established. In line with this, COVID-19 vaccines that stimulate mucosal immunity against the virus may have more advantages than the others.
Topics: COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Mucous Membrane; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34497434
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i30.5047 -
British Journal of Hospital Medicine... Sep 2022Almost all cancer therapies lead to a wide array of side effects, owing to the disruption of normal physiological processes and alteration of immunological responses. Of... (Review)
Review
Almost all cancer therapies lead to a wide array of side effects, owing to the disruption of normal physiological processes and alteration of immunological responses. Of these, mucositis is one of the most commonly encountered side effects, presenting in about 20-40% of all patients receiving chemotherapy and 80% of those being treated with radiotherapy for head and neck malignancies. This article provides a brief introduction and comprehensive overview of the various treatment modalities used in managing this complication. The key to management is a multidisciplinary approach, revolving around pain control, oral hygiene, nutritional support and management of superimposed infection. The scarcity of therapeutic options for prevention or treatment of mucositis has resulted in clinical difficulty in controlling it, which, in turn, seriously affects the patient's quality of life and cancer management, contributing to patient morbidity and mortality.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Mucositis; Quality of Life; Stomatitis
PubMed: 36193926
DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2022.0324 -
Nature Communications Dec 2023Compared to intramuscular vaccines, nasally administered vaccines have the advantage of inducing local mucosal immune responses that may block infection and interrupt...
Compared to intramuscular vaccines, nasally administered vaccines have the advantage of inducing local mucosal immune responses that may block infection and interrupt transmission of respiratory pathogens. Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is effective in preventing influenza in children, but a correlate of protection for LAIV remains unclear. Studying young adult volunteers, we observe that LAIV induces distinct, compartmentalized, antibody responses in the mucosa and blood. Seeking immunologic correlates of these distinct antibody responses we find associations with mucosal IL-33 release in the first 8 hours post-inoculation and divergent CD8 and circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) T cell responses 7 days post-inoculation. Mucosal antibodies are induced separately from blood antibodies, are associated with distinct immune responses early post-inoculation, and may provide a correlate of protection for mucosal vaccination. This study was registered as NCT04110366 and reports primary (mucosal antibody) and secondary (blood antibody, and nasal viral load and cytokine) endpoint data.
Topics: Child; Young Adult; Humans; Influenza Vaccines; Antibody Formation; Antibodies, Viral; Influenza, Human; Mucous Membrane; Vaccines, Attenuated; Immunity, Mucosal
PubMed: 38052824
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43842-7 -
Clinics in Dermatology 2020A rash is a disseminated eruption of cutaneous lesions with great variation in appearance, cause, and severity. When the physician is facing a rash, the history and... (Review)
Review
A rash is a disseminated eruption of cutaneous lesions with great variation in appearance, cause, and severity. When the physician is facing a rash, the history and physical examination of the patient are extremely important for the identification of the disease and its causal agent. There are various causes for a rash, which may be infectious, allergic, or rheumatologic, besides many others. Rashes associated with mucosal ulcers may have causes related to viral and bacterial infections or drug reactions. They may be associated with measles; erythema infectiosum; roseola infantum; rubella; hand, foot, and mouth disease; pityriasis rosea; dengue fever; chikungunya; zika; scarlet fever; meningococcal diseases; syphilis; and exanthematous drug eruptions.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Exanthema; Humans; Mucous Membrane; Ulcer; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 32197747
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.10.019 -
Viruses Feb 2022HIV mainly targets CD4 T cells, from which Th cells represent a major cell type, permissive, and are capable of supporting intracellular replication at mucosal sites. Th... (Review)
Review
HIV mainly targets CD4 T cells, from which Th cells represent a major cell type, permissive, and are capable of supporting intracellular replication at mucosal sites. Th cells possess well-described dual roles, while being central to maintaining gut integrity, these may induce inflammation and contribute to autoimmune disorders; however, Th cells' antiviral function in HIV infection is not completely understood. Th cells are star players to HIV-1 pathogenesis and a potential target to prevent or decrease HIV transmission. HIV-1 can be spread among permissive cells via direct cell-to-cell and/or cell-free infection. The debate on which mode of transmission is more efficient is still ongoing without a concrete conclusion yet. Most assessments of virus transmission analyzing either cell-to-cell or cell-free modes use in vitro systems; however, the actual interactions and conditions in vivo are not fully understood. The fact that infected breast milk, semen, and vaginal secretions contain a mix of both cell-free viral particles and infected cells presents an argument for the probability of HIV taking advantage of both modes of transmission to spread. Here, we review important insights and recent findings about the role of Th cells during HIV pathogenesis in mucosal surfaces, and the mechanisms of HIV-1 infection spread among T cells in tissues.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Mucous Membrane; Th17 Cells; Virus Replication
PubMed: 35215997
DOI: 10.3390/v14020404 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Exanthema; Mucositis; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma pneumoniae
PubMed: 37888919
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm2305301 -
Immunology Oct 2021Granulocytes mediate broad immunoprotection through phagocytosis, extracellular traps, release of cytotoxic granules, antibody effector functions and recruitment of...
Granulocytes mediate broad immunoprotection through phagocytosis, extracellular traps, release of cytotoxic granules, antibody effector functions and recruitment of other immune cells against pathogens. However, descriptions of granulocytes in HIV infection and mucosal tissues are limited. Our goal was to characterize granulocyte subsets in systemic, mucosal and lymphoid tissues during lentiviral infection using the rhesus macaque (RM) model. Mononuclear cells from jejunum, colon, cervix, vagina, lymph nodes, spleen, liver and whole blood from experimentally naïve and chronically SHIVsf162p3-infected RM were analysed by microscopy and polychromatic flow cytometry. Granulocytes were identified using phenotypes designed specifically for RM: eosinophils-CD45 CD66 CD49d ; neutrophils-CD45 CD66 CD14 ; and basophils-CD45 CD123 FcRε . Nuclear visualization with DAPI staining and surface marker images by ImageStream (cytometry/microscopy) further confirmed granulocytic phenotypes. Flow cytometric data showed that all RM granulocytes expressed CD32 (FcRγII) but did not express CD16 (FcRγIII). Additionally, constitutive expression of CD64 (FcRγI) on neutrophils and FcRε on basophils indicates the differential expression of Fc receptors on granulocyte subsets. Granulocytic subsets in naïve whole blood ranged from 25·4% to 81·5% neutrophils, 0·59% to 13·3% eosinophils and 0·059% to 1·8% basophils. Interestingly, elevated frequencies of circulating neutrophils, colorectal neutrophils and colorectal eosinophils were all observed in chronic lentiviral disease. Conversely, circulating basophils, jejunal eosinophils, vaginal neutrophils and vaginal eosinophils of SHIVsf162p3-infected RM declined in frequency. Overall, our data suggest modulation of granulocytes in chronic lentiviral infection, most notably in the gastrointestinal mucosae where a significant inflammation and disruption occurs in lentivirus-induced disease. Furthermore, granulocytes may migrate to inflamed tissues during infection and could serve as targets of immunotherapeutic intervention.
Topics: Animals; Basophils; Eosinophils; Flow Cytometry; Granulocytes; HIV Infections; Lentivirus Infections; Leukocyte Count; Macaca mulatta; Mucous Membrane; Neutrophils; Receptors, IgG
PubMed: 34037988
DOI: 10.1111/imm.13376 -
International Immunology Sep 2020Our bodies are constantly exposed to a wide variety of pathogenic micro-organisms through mucosal sites. Therefore, effective vaccines that can protect at the mucosa are... (Review)
Review
Our bodies are constantly exposed to a wide variety of pathogenic micro-organisms through mucosal sites. Therefore, effective vaccines that can protect at the mucosa are vital; however, only a few clinically established mucosal vaccines are available. Although conventional injectable vaccines can induce antigen-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and prevent severe infection, it is difficult to efficiently inhibit the invasion of pathogens at mucosal surfaces because of the inadequate ability to induce antigen-specific IgA. Recently, we have developed a parenteral vaccine with emulsified curdlan and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and reported its application. Unlike other conventional injectable vaccines, this immunization contributes to the induction of antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses. Even if antigen-specific IgA at the mucosa disappears, this immunization can induce high-titer IgA after boosting with a small amount of antigen on the target mucosal surface. Indeed, vaccination with Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen effectively prevented lung infection induced by this bacterium. In addition, vaccination with Clostridium ramosum, which is a representative pathobiont associated with obesity and diabetes in humans, reduced obesity in mice colonized with this microorganism. This immunization approach might be an effective treatment for intestinal bacteria-mediated diseases that have been difficult to regulate so far, as well as common infectious diseases.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Immunoglobulin G; Mucous Membrane; Vaccines
PubMed: 31882997
DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz085