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Archives of Razi Institute Jul 2021The first Attenuated rubella vaccine was developed by Parkman and Meyer in 1966. Ten years later in the 1975s, the rubella vaccine was developed in Razi Vaccine and... (Review)
Review
The first Attenuated rubella vaccine was developed by Parkman and Meyer in 1966. Ten years later in the 1975s, the rubella vaccine was developed in Razi Vaccine and serum research institute) RVSRI). In 1977, the rubella TAKAHASHI vaccine successfully passed the clinical trial and was initially used voluntarily only in the private sector. Since 1987, the administration of rubella as MMR (Measles/AIK-C; Rubella/TAKAHASHI; Mumps/HOSHINO) strain vaccine has been included in the immunization program in Iran. This review article focused on the development and production of the rubella TAKAHASHI/HDC vaccine in RVSRI. The herd immunity and rubella cases were investigated in the pre- and post-vaccine era. The effectiveness and proper coverage of the rubella vaccine led to the elimination of rubella from Iran in 2019. The current study aimed to assess local rubella vaccine manufacturing and its consequences on rubella elimination from Iran, using various search engines. A complete search was carried out in medical databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Scientific Information Database, IranMedex, Magiran, and Google Scholar. Within 1972-1975, Rubella TAKAHASHI/HDC vaccine was developed by RVSRI and successfully passed clinical trial in 1977. Over the four last decades (1980-2020), more than 40 million infants, young, and adults were vaccinated by million doses of local Rubella, measles-rubella (MR) or measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in Iran. In 1972, the pre-vaccine era, the overall sensitivity to rubella infection was 69% in one-year-old Iranian children and 23% in childbearing women. The use of a safe, inexpensive, and effective vaccine increased herd immunity to 95% (85%-99%) in our country. During the last two decades, we have witnessed a 91% decline in the confirmed rubella cases, from 1124 in 2000 to 33 cases in 2018. The current article presented the process of vaccine development, tracked it through more than four decades, and discussed disease status before and after the rubella vaccine era, as well as the history of its elimination from Iran. The effectiveness of the local Razi Rubella vaccine resulted in a significant increase in seroprevalence in Iran. Expanded vaccination against rubella, usually with measles, has led to the elimination of Rubella from Iran as confirmed by World Health Organization in 2019.
Topics: Iran; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Rubella; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Humans
PubMed: 34223717
DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.353242.1594 -
Epidemiology and Infection Feb 2023The resurgence and outbreaks of mumps occur frequently in many countries worldwide in recent years, even in countries with high vaccination coverage. In this study, a...
The resurgence and outbreaks of mumps occur frequently in many countries worldwide in recent years, even in countries with high vaccination coverage. In this study, a descriptive and spatiotemporal clustering analysis at the township level was conducted to explore the dynamic spatiotemporal aggregation and epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Wuhan. During 2005 and 2019, there were 40 685 cases reported in Wuhan, with an average annual morbidity of 28.11 per 100 000 populations. The morbidity showed a fluctuating tendency, and peaked in 2010 and 2018. Bimodal seasonality was found, with a large peak between May and July, and a mild peak from November to January in the following year. Male students aged 5-9-year-old were the main risk group of mumps infection. Significant global spatial auto-correlation was detected except in 2007, 2009 and 2015. The spatial and temporal scan statistics indicated that the hot-spots mainly located at the western and southern areas of Wuhan with variations almost every year. Our findings could assist the public health authorities to develop and improve targeted health strategies, and allocate health resources rationally.
Topics: Humans; Male; Child, Preschool; Child; Mumps; Incidence; Spatio-Temporal Analysis; Disease Outbreaks; China
PubMed: 37114752
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268823000304 -
Vaccine Jul 2019
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Chickenpox Vaccine; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Vaccination; Vaccines, Combined
PubMed: 29526373
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.108 -
Vaccine Dec 2021The measles-mumps-rubella vaccine was withdrawn from the National Immunization Program in 1993 because aseptic meningitis was reported as a post-vaccination adverse...
BACKGROUND
The measles-mumps-rubella vaccine was withdrawn from the National Immunization Program in 1993 because aseptic meningitis was reported as a post-vaccination adverse reaction in Japan. This study aimed to measure the uptake of and determinants influencing mumps vaccination, including concerns about adverse reactions.
METHODS
We conducted this cross-sectional survey for all parents whose children underwent 18-month health checkups in Kanazawa City between October 2019 and February 2020. Community nurses interviewed the parents using a unified questionnaire, and 1422 parents responded.
RESULTS
Based on records from maternal and child health handbooks, the mumps vaccination rate was 55.6%. The most common reason for parents not vaccinating their children against mumps was that "it is not a routine vaccine" (35.9%), whereas "concern about adverse reactions" accounted for only 2.2%. In multivariate analysis, the significantly positive factors associated with vaccination against mumps were children whose parents knew that adverse reactions were fever, rash, diarrhea, and vomiting; had received a recommendation for vaccination from their family members; had read the Vaccination Guide issued by the city; vaccinated with other voluntary vaccines or treated for gastroenteritis; and had a deep general understanding of vaccination. Conversely, the significantly negative factor was children whose parents had not received any recommendation for vaccination.
CONCLUSION
The mumps vaccination rate could be improved by adding the mumps vaccine in the routine vaccination program and educating parents by disseminating correct information on mumps and the mumps vaccine, and by primary care physicians routinely recommending vaccination.
Topics: Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Infant; Japan; Measles; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Mumps Vaccine; Parents; Rubella; Vaccination
PubMed: 34815119
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.015 -
Journal of the American Board of Family... Feb 2023This issue's teasers: A broad scope of care by family physicians could be incentivized and has positive outcomes. Family physicians could do more dermoscopy-a mixed...
This issue's teasers: A broad scope of care by family physicians could be incentivized and has positive outcomes. Family physicians could do more dermoscopy-a mixed specialty group of experts provide information on diagnosis with associated features and proficiency standards for primary care clinicians. Clinicians could trust more, and do less, such as adult measles-mumps-rubella boosters. Family physicians differ from pediatricians on how to deliver vitamin D to newborns. Practice scope varies by location. Is monetary incentive a key to incentivize COVID vaccination? A new, useful, easy functional status questionnaire. This issue also includes articles on both adult and pediatric obesity, a systematic review of social determinants of health and documentation thereof, plus more.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Child; Adult; Humans; Rubella; Physicians, Family; Mumps; COVID-19; Measles; Vaccination; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine
PubMed: 36759131
DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2022.220413R0 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood.... Aug 2020Vaccination is a proven, highly effective intervention to protect against potentially serious infectious diseases. UK vaccine uptake rates are high overall, but...
Vaccination is a proven, highly effective intervention to protect against potentially serious infectious diseases. UK vaccine uptake rates are high overall, but considerable variation exists within and between districts. The main reason for under vaccination is difficulty accessing vaccination services for practical or logistical reasons. While some parents decline specific vaccines, only a small minority decline them all. It is unsurprising that many parents have questions about vaccination, but most are easily addressed. This article provides practical guidance on how to engage effectively with parents with the ultimate aim of supporting informed vaccination decisions. The focus will be on conversations with parents whose concerns make them unsure whether to accept vaccination or who have previously delayed or declined vaccines. In view of recent outbreaks of measles, the example question concerns MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine. Although conversations with some parents, especially those who are determinedly anti-vaccine, can be uncomfortable, even challenging, it is important to offer all parents the opportunity to discuss their concerns. Even though advice may go unheeded or even be unwelcome, parents can change their minds about previous decisions. Health professionals and the National Health Service are trusted sources of advice about vaccinations and have a responsibility to ensure parents are appropriately informed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Decision Making; Female; Health Literacy; Humans; Infant; Male; Measles; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Parents; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Rubella; United Kingdom; Vaccination; Young Adult
PubMed: 31575602
DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-316927 -
Investigative and Clinical Urology Jul 2023To analyze the presentation of mumps and mumps orchitis using the National Health Insurance Service Database (NHISD).
PURPOSE
To analyze the presentation of mumps and mumps orchitis using the National Health Insurance Service Database (NHISD).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Using information from the NHISD representing all cases of mumps in Korea, data regarding mumps orchitis were analyzed. The International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, and Clinical Modification codes were used for diagnosis. The incidence estimates of the number of mumps cases were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software.
RESULTS
Based on the NHISD, 199,186 people were diagnosed with mumps, and males accounted for 62.3% cases. Teen males accounted for 69,870 cases, the largest number of patients diagnosed with mumps. The annual incidence of mumps increased every year (poisson regression, hazard ratio [HR] 1.026, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.024-1.027; p<0.025). The risk of mumps was lower in females than that in males (poisson regression, HR 0.594, 95% CI 0.589-0.599; p<0.001). Of the 199,186 patients diagnosed with mumps, 3,872 patients (1.9%) had related complications. Among the mumps complications, the most diagnosed complication was mumps orchitis, which was seen in 41.8% of the males. Mumps orchitis cases accounted for less than 1.5% of the patients with mumps in minors under the age of 20 years and was somewhat higher in 2009 and 2013-2015.
CONCLUSIONS
Among the complications related to mumps, meningitis was most common in females, while orchitis was dominant in males. Mumps orchitis also shows periodic outbreaks but is particularly prevalent in adults, which suggests the potential need for additional vaccination against mumps.
Topics: Male; Adult; Adolescent; Female; Humans; Young Adult; Mumps; Orchitis; Incidence; National Health Programs; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 37417567
DOI: 10.4111/icu.20230064 -
JAMA Network Open Jul 2021Although patients with cancer are at an increased risk of infection-related complications, few studies have characterized their vulnerability to measles and mumps. Given...
IMPORTANCE
Although patients with cancer are at an increased risk of infection-related complications, few studies have characterized their vulnerability to measles and mumps. Given the recent outbreaks and increased community vaccine hesitancy, understanding measles and mumps immunity within this population is vital.
OBJECTIVES
To identify a point prevalence estimate of protective measles and mumps antibodies among ambulatory patients with cancer.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
In this cross-sectional study, residual clinical plasma samples were obtained from consecutive patients with cancer at Seattle Cancer Care Alliance/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington, in August 2019. These samples were tested for measles and mumps IgG using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients without cancer were excluded from the analysis.
EXPOSURES
Patient age, sex, self-reported race and ethnicity, primary disease, receipt of chemotherapy in the past 30 days before sample collection, hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) history, and date of most recent intravenous immunoglobulin treatment were abstracted from electronic medical records.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Measles and mumps IgG seroprevalence, defined as the proportion of patients with positive antibody test results, was measured overall and among the subgroups.
RESULTS
Of the 959 patients included in the analysis, 510 (53%) were male individuals and the mean (SD) age at sample collection was 60 (15) years. Most patients (576 [60%]) had a malignant solid tumor, and 383 patients (40%) had a hematologic malignant neoplasm; 146 patients (15%) had an HCT history. Overall, the seroprevalence of measles antibodies was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.72-0.78), and the seroprevalence of mumps antibodies was 0.62 (95% CI, 0.59-0.65). The lowest seroprevalences were among patients with a hematologic malignant neoplasm (0.63 for measles and 0.48 for mumps), those with a history of HCT (0.46 for measles and 0.29 for mumps), and those aged 30 to 59 years (0.49-0.63 for measles and 0.41-0.58 for mumps).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this study, 25% of ambulatory patients with cancer lacked protective antibodies for measles and 38% lacked protective antibodies for mumps. Deficits in protective antibodies underscore patients' increased risk during outbreaks and emphasize the need for community-based efforts to increase herd immunity to protect this population.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibodies, Viral; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Male; Measles; Middle Aged; Mumps; Neoplasms; Seroepidemiologic Studies
PubMed: 34319355
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.18508 -
Vaccine Feb 2022Thailand has implemented single-dose mumps-containing vaccines since 1997 and two doses since 2010. This study aimed to describe the seroprevalence of mumps among...
Thailand has implemented single-dose mumps-containing vaccines since 1997 and two doses since 2010. This study aimed to describe the seroprevalence of mumps among children who received one- or two-dose mumps vaccines. A cross-sectional study of 145 children (aged 3-9 years) and 422 adolescents (10-18 years) was conducted. Mumps IgG seropositivity was defined as ≥ 22 RU/mL by EUROIMMUN ELISA method. The mumps seroprevalence was higher in children (82.1%, 95% CI 74.8-87.9) compared to adolescents (41.7%, 95% CI 37.0-46.6) who had received at least one dose of the mumps vaccine. Among those receiving 2 doses of mumps vaccine at ≥ 5 years after their last mumps vaccination, only 51.3% had maintained IgG ≥ 22 RU/ml. There was a reverse correlation between mumps IgG titer and the time interval from the second dose of mumps vaccine (R = -0.44, p < 0.001). A booster dose of MMR vaccine in young adults may be needed.
Topics: Adolescent; Antibodies, Viral; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Measles; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Rubella; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Thailand; Young Adult
PubMed: 35078667
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.019 -
The Lancet. Infectious Diseases Feb 2021Despite the universal use of the two-dose trivalent measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in the past two decades, outbreaks of these diseases still occur in countries... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Despite the universal use of the two-dose trivalent measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in the past two decades, outbreaks of these diseases still occur in countries with high vaccine uptake, giving rise to concerns about primary and secondary failure of MMR vaccine components. We aimed to provide seroconversion and waning rate estimates for the measles, mumps, and rubella components of MMR vaccines.
METHODS
In this systematic review and meta-analysis we searched PubMed (including MEDLINE), Web of Science, and Embase for randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, or longitudinal studies reporting the immunogenicity and persistence of MMR vaccines, published in English from database inception to Dec 31, 2019. Studies were included if they investigated vaccine-induced immunity in healthy individuals who received a trivalent MMR vaccine, including different dosages and timepoints of vaccine administration. Studies featuring coadministration of MMR with other vaccines, maternal immunity to the MMR vaccine, or non-trivalent formulations of the vaccine were excluded. Pooled seroconversion and waning rates were estimated by random-effects meta-analyses. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42019116705.
FINDINGS
We identified 3615 unique studies, 62 (1·7%) of which were eligible for analysis. Estimated overall seroconversion rates were 96·0% (95% CI 94·5-97·4; I=91·1%) for measles, 93·3% (91·1-95·2; I=94·9%) for mumps when excluding the Rubini strain, 91·1% (87·4-94·1; I=96·6%) for mumps when including the Rubini strain, and 98·3% (97·3-99·2; I=93·0%) for rubella. Estimated overall annual waning rates were 0·009 (95% CI 0·005-0·016; I=85·2%) for measles, 0·024 (0·016-0·039; I=94·7%) for mumps, and 0·012 (0·010-0·014; I=93·3%) for rubella.
INTERPRETATION
Our meta-analysis provides estimates of primary and secondary vaccine failure, which are essential to improve the accuracy of mathematical and statistical modelling to understand and predict the occurrence of future measles, mumps, and rubella outbreaks in countries with high vaccine uptake.
FUNDING
European Research Council.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Measles; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Rubella
PubMed: 32888410
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30442-4