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Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral... Oct 2019Before the introduction of the vaccine, mumps was the most common salivary gland disease and was one of the most common infectious diseases in children globally.... (Review)
Review
Before the introduction of the vaccine, mumps was the most common salivary gland disease and was one of the most common infectious diseases in children globally. Following the introduction of the mumps vaccine in 1967, the disease was almost nonexistent in the United States and was only found to occur in nonvaccinated patients, and even then, it did not present in epidemic portions because of the extent of vaccination in the population at large. Beginning in the early 2000s, viral mumps began to present itself in vaccinated populations, and currently, outbreaks are continuing to increase in number. This article presents information on the various outbreaks, a review of the virus and the disease, including symptoms and comorbidities, and new recommendations for management. Dental practitioners should be aware of the increasing incidence and prevalence of this disease, be able to recognize it, and make appropriate referrals for management.
Topics: Child; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Mumps; Mumps Vaccine; Mumps virus; United States; Vaccination
PubMed: 31326348
DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.06.012 -
Vaccines Jun 2022Mumps and rubella are vaccine-preventable viral diseases through the measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine, administered at 12 months and again at 6 years. We...
Mumps and rubella are vaccine-preventable viral diseases through the measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine, administered at 12 months and again at 6 years. We assessed the sero-prevalence of mumps and rubella, identified factors associated with sero-negativity, and evaluated concordance between mumps and rubella sero-positivity. A national cross-sectional sero-survey was conducted on samples collected in 2015 by the Israel National Sera Bank. Samples were tested for mumps and rubella IgG antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of 3131 samples tested for mumps IgG, 84.8% (95%CI: 83.5-86.0%) were sero-positive. Sero-negativity for mumps was significantly associated with age (high odds ratios observed in infants younger than 4 years and 20-29 years old subjects). Of 3169 samples tested for rubella IgG antibodies, 95.2% (95%CI: 94.4-95.9%) were sero-positive. Rubella sero-negativity was significantly associated with age (high odds ratios observed in children younger than 4 years old and adults older than 30 years), males, Jews, and others. Concordant sero-positivity for both mumps and rubella viruses was observed in 83.9% of the tested samples. The Israeli population was sufficiently protected against rubella but not against mumps. Since both components are administered in the MMRV vaccine simultaneously, the mumps component has a lower uptake than rubella and quicker waning.
PubMed: 35891160
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10070996 -
Viruses Sep 2021Mumps virus (MuV) is an important human pathogen that causes parotitis, orchitis, oophoritis, meningitis, encephalitis, and sensorineural hearing loss. Although mumps is... (Review)
Review
Mumps virus (MuV) is an important human pathogen that causes parotitis, orchitis, oophoritis, meningitis, encephalitis, and sensorineural hearing loss. Although mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease, sporadic outbreaks have occurred worldwide, even in highly vaccinated populations. MuV not only causes systemic infection but also has a unique tropism to glandular tissues and the central nervous system. In general, tropism can be defined by multiple factors in the viral life cycle, including its entry, interaction with host factors, and host-cell immune responses. Although the underlying mechanisms of MuV tropism remain to be fully understood, recent studies on virus-host interactions have provided insights into viral pathogenesis. This review was aimed at summarizing the entry process of MuV by focusing on the glycan receptors, particularly the recently identified receptors with a trisaccharide core motif, and their interactions with the viral attachment proteins. Here, we describe the receptor structures, their distribution in the human body, and the recently identified host factors for MuV and analyze their relationship with MuV tropism.
Topics: Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Mumps; Mumps virus; Protein Binding; Receptors, Virus; Viral Proteins; Viral Tropism; Virus Attachment; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 34578327
DOI: 10.3390/v13091746 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023Human antibodies are produced due to the activation of immune system components upon exposure to an external agent or antigen. Human antibody G, or immunoglobin G (IgG),... (Review)
Review
Human antibodies are produced due to the activation of immune system components upon exposure to an external agent or antigen. Human antibody G, or immunoglobin G (IgG), accounts for 75% of total serum antibody content. IgG controls several infections by eradicating disease-causing pathogens from the body through complementary interactions with toxins. Additionally, IgG is an important diagnostic tool for certain pathological conditions, such as autoimmune hepatitis, hepatitis B virus (HBV), chickenpox and MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella), and coronavirus-induced disease 19 (COVID-19). As an important biomarker, IgG has sparked interest in conducting research to produce robust, sensitive, selective, and economical biosensors for its detection. To date, researchers have used different strategies and explored various materials from macro- to nanoscale to be used in IgG biosensing. In this review, emerging biosensors for IgG detection have been reviewed along with their detection limits, especially electrochemical biosensors that, when coupled with nanomaterials, can help to achieve the characteristics of a reliable IgG biosensor. Furthermore, this review can assist scientists in developing strategies for future research not only for IgG biosensors but also for the development of other biosensing systems for diverse targets.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Measles; Rubella; Mumps; Immunoglobulin G; Biosensing Techniques; Antibodies, Viral
PubMed: 36679468
DOI: 10.3390/s23020676 -
Vaccine Jun 2023Although mumps vaccination has been routine in Canada for decades, mumps cases and outbreaks continue to occur periodically. Mumps surveillance, including monitoring of...
Although mumps vaccination has been routine in Canada for decades, mumps cases and outbreaks continue to occur periodically. Mumps surveillance, including monitoring of the mumps virus genotype associated with disease activity, is important to document baseline activity and to advance further research into vaccine effectiveness. Here we describe a detailed analysis of mumps cases that have been detected in Canada from 2002 to 2020, with a focus on the mumps molecular epidemiology. In total, 7395 cases of mumps were reported to the surveillance system, with outbreaks occurring in the years 2007, 2010 and 2016 to 2018. Adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 29 years had the highest risk of being a case (rate ratios ranging from 1.50 to 2.29), compared to adults aged 30 to 39. Genotypes of mumps viruses were determined in 3225 specimens. Genotype G was predominantly detected (96% of genotyped specimens) and was first reported in 2005. Other genotypes were more likely to be detected in cases that also reported travel (or were linked to imported cases) than the cases with genotype G detected (p < 0.0001). The genotype G viruses had little sequence diversity in the 316 nucleotide window used for genotyping (the small hydrophobic protein gene) and mainly belonged to a single phylogenetic lineage that included the MuVi/Sheffield.GBR/1.05 reference sequence. The analysis of over ten years of data has demonstrated that mumps genotype G, specifically belonging to a single lineage, the Sheffield lineage, is the endemically circulating virus in Canada. This lineage is seen also in other countries using the genotype A vaccine. Mumps remains endemic despite high MMR vaccination coverage which has been sufficient to eliminate circulation of measles and rubella in Canada, raising the hypothesis of the evolution towards a vaccine escape mumps virus.
Topics: Adolescent; Young Adult; Humans; Mumps; Phylogeny; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps virus; Canada; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 37169652
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.078 -
Transplantation and Cellular Therapy May 2021Large outbreaks of measles or rubella occasionally occur around the world, and measles infection can be severe and even fatal in transplant patients. However, limited...
Large outbreaks of measles or rubella occasionally occur around the world, and measles infection can be severe and even fatal in transplant patients. However, limited data are available on immunity to measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) in adult patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune status against MMR and the effects of vaccination against MMR in adult patients after allo-HCT. A total of 135 adult patients who were alive without relapse and new malignancy at 2 years after allo-HCT were included in this study. We measured IgG antibody to MMR before allo-HCT and annually thereafter. The probabilities of being seropositive to measles, mumps or rubella after allo-HCT were estimated according to the Kaplan-Meier method and compared among groups with the log-rank test. The probability of being seropositive at 2 years after allo-HCT in patients who were seropositive before allo-HCT was 60.6% for measles, 39.7% for mumps, and 52.2% for rubella. History of chronic graft-versus-host disease tended to be a risk factor for the loss of immunity against measles (hazard ratio [HR] 1.69, P = .064) and rubella (HR 1.75, P = .056). To predict the loss of immunity against MMR at 2 years after allo-HCT, we defined the following cutoff values for the IgG index before HCT: 18.2 for measles, 5.3 for mumps, and 21.4 for rubella using a receiver-operating characteristics curve. The lower-IgG groups experienced a significant loss of seropositivity at 2 years (39% versus 82% for measles, P < .001; 13% versus 59% for mumps, P < .001; and 33% versus 90% for rubella, P < .001). After this loss of immunity, 25 patients received a single vaccination against MMR. The seroconversion rates were 64%, 36%, and 72% for measles, mumps, and rubella, respectively. Loss of immunity to MMR commonly occurs in the first several years after transplantation. In the patients who lose the immunity, the seroconversion rate after 1 dose of MMR vaccine given at ≥2 years after transplantation is suboptimal.
Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Viral; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Measles; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Rubella; Vaccination
PubMed: 33775586
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2021.02.027 -
Science Progress 2022Despite the development and deployment of effective COVID-19 vaccines, many regions remain poorly covered. Seeking alternative tools for achieving immunity against... (Review)
Review
Despite the development and deployment of effective COVID-19 vaccines, many regions remain poorly covered. Seeking alternative tools for achieving immunity against COVID-19 remains to be of high importance. "Trained immunity" is the nonspecific immune response usually established through administering live attenuated vaccines and is a potential preventive tool against unrelated infections. Evidence regarding a possible protective role for certain live attenuated vaccines against COVID-19 has emerged mainly for those administered as part of childhood vaccination protocols. This review summarizes the relevant literature about the potential impact of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccines on COVID-19. Existing available data suggest a potential role for BCG and MMR in reducing COVID-19 casualties and burden. However, more investigation and comparative studies are required for a better understanding of their impact on COVID-19 outcomes.
Topics: BCG Vaccine; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Humans; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Rubella; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 35848578
DOI: 10.1177/00368504221105172 -
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases May 2021Routine vaccination has proven to be highly effective in reducing the incidence of mumps. However, sporadic cases and/or mumps outbreaks have been reported in children...
Routine vaccination has proven to be highly effective in reducing the incidence of mumps. However, sporadic cases and/or mumps outbreaks have been reported in children and adolescents younger than 15 years of age, particularly among those aged 5-9 years. To explore the characteristics of such outbreaks in the Henan Province, clinical data of patients infected with mumps virus (MuV) were collected, and the isolated strains were phylogenetically analyzed. Of the total 426 samples analyzed, MuV RNA targeting the small hydrophobic (SH) gene was detected in 153 samples. MuV-positive cases in age groups <5 years, 5-9 years, 10-15 years, 16-19 years, and ≥20 years accounted for 1%, 17%, 12%, 2%, and 4% of the total number of cases, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on the SH gene sequences indicated that all of the isolated strains were of genotype F, and isolates in the same subcluster and with identical SH gene sequences tended to be derived from the same community or municipalities when analyzed alongside epidemiological data. In conclusion, the incidence of mumps in the Henan Province was high. The data provided in this study might promote further research in the clarification of the specific causes of mumps outbreaks, which can facilitate the implementation of effective prevention and control measures.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Female; Humans; Male; Mumps; Mumps virus; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral; Viral Proteins; Young Adult
PubMed: 33132301
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2020.649 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jan 2022Since 2015, the United States has experienced a resurgence in the number of mumps cases and outbreaks in fully vaccinated populations. These outbreaks have occurred...
Since 2015, the United States has experienced a resurgence in the number of mumps cases and outbreaks in fully vaccinated populations. These outbreaks have occurred predominantly in close-quarter settings, such as camps, colleges, and detention centers. Phylogenetic analysis of 758 mumps-positive samples from outbreaks across the United States identified 743 (98%) as genotype G based on sequence analysis of the mumps small hydrophobic (SH) gene. Additionally, SH sequences in the genotype G samples showed almost no sequence diversity, with 675 (91%) of them having identical sequences or only one nucleotide difference. This uniformity of circulating genotype and strain created complications for epidemiologic investigations and necessitated the development of a system for rapidly generating mumps whole-genome sequences for more detailed analysis. In this study, we report a novel and streamlined assay for whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of mumps virus genotype G. The WGS procedure successfully generated 318 high-quality WGS sequences on nucleic acid from genotype G-positive respiratory samples collected during several mumps outbreaks in the United States between 2016 and 2019. Sequencing was performed by a rapid and highly sensitive custom Ion AmpliSeq mumps genotype G panel, with sample preparation performed on an Ion Chef and sequencing on an Ion S5. The WGS data generated by the AmpliSeq panel provided enhanced genomic resolution for epidemiological outbreak investigations. Translation and protein sequence analysis also identified several potentially important epitope changes in the circulating mumps genotype G strains compared to the Jeryl-Lynn strain (JL5) used in vaccines in the United States, which could explain the current level of vaccine escapes.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Genotype; Humans; Mumps; Mumps virus; Phylogeny; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 34757832
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00841-21 -
Journal of Virology Apr 2023Mumps is a highly contagious viral disease that can be prevented by vaccination. In the last decade, we have encountered repeated outbreaks of mumps in highly vaccinated...
Mumps is a highly contagious viral disease that can be prevented by vaccination. In the last decade, we have encountered repeated outbreaks of mumps in highly vaccinated populations, which call into question the effectiveness of available vaccines. Animal models are crucial for understanding virus-host interactions, and viruses such as mumps virus (MuV), whose only natural host is the human, pose a particular challenge. In our study, we examined the interaction between MuV and the guinea pig. Our results present the first evidence that guinea pigs of the Hartley strain can be infected after intranasal and intratesticular inoculation. We observed a significant viral replication in infected tissues up to 5 days following infection and induction of cellular and humoral immune responses as well as histopathological changes in infected lungs and testicles, without clinical signs of disease. Transmission of the infection through direct contact between animals was not possible. Our results demonstrate that guinea pigs and guinea pig primary cell cultures represent a promising model for immunological and pathogenetic studies of the complex MuV infection. Understanding of mumps virus (MuV) pathogenesis and the immune responses against MuV infection is limited. One of the reasons is the lack of relevant animal models. This study explores the interaction between MuV and the guinea pig. We demonstrated that all tested guinea pig tissue homogenates and primary cell cultures are highly susceptible to MuV infection and that α2,3-sialylated glycans (MuV cellular receptors) are being abundantly expressed at their surface. The virus remains in the guinea pig lungs and trachea for up to 4 days following intranasal infection. Although asymptomatic, MuV infection strongly activates both humoral and cellular immune response in infected animals and provides protection against virus challenge. Infection of the lungs and testicles after intranasal and intratesticular inoculation, respectively, is also supported by histopathological changes in these organs. Our findings give perspective for application of guinea pigs in research on MuV pathogenesis, antiviral response, and vaccine development and testing.
Topics: Animals; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Mumps; Mumps virus; Virus Replication; Cells, Cultured; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Lung; Testis
PubMed: 37017528
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00359-23