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Journal of Nutritional Science and... 2020Rasulullah Shallahu'alaihiwassalam said, "if a fly falls in the vessel anyone of you, let him dip all of it (in the vessel) and then throw it away, for in one of its...
Rasulullah Shallahu'alaihiwassalam said, "if a fly falls in the vessel anyone of you, let him dip all of it (in the vessel) and then throw it away, for in one of its wings has the ailment and the other has the cure" (Al-Bukhari). This hadith creates controversy because in general flies are a vector for the spread of disease from dirty places to food or drinks. Therefore, the research was conducted on right-wing of fly (Musca domestica) as neutralization of drinks contaminated by a microbe. This research used the method of Complete Random Design by 5 treatments and 2 repetitions. The treatment was done by sterilized water (positive control), drinking water added to the bacteria Escherichia coli (negative control), and drinking water contaminated by Escherichia coli bacteria with the addition of 1, 2, and 3 flies right-wings. The research began with taking the right-wing of fly and continued with the dilution of Escherichia coli culture tubes up to 6 times. The bacterial culture inoculation was carried out using Pour Plate method on Eosin Methylene Blue agar which is incubated for 12-48 h at a temperature of 37ºC. Data retrieval is done by observing the calculation of the number of microbes using a colony counter every 12 h. The data which obtained for 48 h incubation show "0" as the result, that cannot be analyzed with SPSS. The result indicates the microbial development does not occur on contaminated drinks by addition with right-wing of Musca domestica.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Culture Media; Diptera; Escherichia coli; Houseflies; Male
PubMed: 33612611
DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.66.S283 -
Virus Research Aug 2019Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral transboundary disease endemic throughout Africa and of high economic importance that affects cattle and domestic water buffaloes.... (Review)
Review
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral transboundary disease endemic throughout Africa and of high economic importance that affects cattle and domestic water buffaloes. Since 2012, the disease has spread rapidly and widely throughout the Middle Eastern and Balkan regions, southern Caucasus and parts of the Russian Federation. Before vaccination campaigns took their full effect, the disease continued spreading from region to region, mainly showing seasonal patterns despite implementing control and eradication measures. The disease is capable of appearing several hundred kilometers away from initial (focal) outbreak sites within a short time period. These incursions have triggered a long-awaited renewed scientific interest in LSD resulting in the initiation of novel research into broad aspects of the disease, including epidemiology, modes of transmission and associated risk factors. Long-distance dispersal of LSDV seems to occur via the movement of infected animals, but distinct seasonal patterns indicate that arthropod-borne transmission is most likely responsible for the swift and aggressive short-distance spread of the disease. Elucidating the mechanisms of transmission of LSDV will enable the development of more targeted and effective actions for containment and eradication of the virus. The mode of vector-borne transmission of the disease is most likely mechanical, but there is no clear-cut evidence to confirm or disprove this assumption. To date, the most likely vectors for LSDV transmission are blood-sucking arthropods such as stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti), and hard ticks (Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma species). New evidence suggests that the ubiquitous, synanthropic house fly, Musca domestica, may also play a role in LSDV transmission, but this has not yet been tested in a clinical setting. The aim of this review is to compile and discuss the earlier as well as the most recent research data on the transmission of LSDV.
Topics: Animals; Arthropod Vectors; Cattle; Culicidae; Disease Outbreaks; Houseflies; Ixodidae; Lumpy Skin Disease; Lumpy skin disease virus; Rhipicephalus
PubMed: 31152757
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.05.015 -
Doklady Biological Sciences :... Oct 2022Field observations of flowering Alisma plantago-aquatica plants were carried out in Moscow region (Russia). The A. plantago-aquatica flower remains anthetic for a single...
Field observations of flowering Alisma plantago-aquatica plants were carried out in Moscow region (Russia). The A. plantago-aquatica flower remains anthetic for a single light day, from 9:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. White petals showed a contrast bicolored pattern in UV light, and the pattern probably serves as a nectar clue for pollinators. Flowers were visited by insects in daytime from 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Coleopterans (Coccinellidae), dipterans (Drosophilidae, Hybotidae, Muscidae, Sepsidae, and Syrphidae), and hymenopterans (Apidae) were observed as flower visitors. Hoverflies (Syrphidae) and bees (Apidae) were the most frequent visitors. Large amounts of A. plantago-aquatica pollen grains were found on their bodies, and a major role in pollination was consequently assumed for the insects. Based on the original findings and literature data on A. plantago-aquatica reproductive biology in Belgium, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic, hoverflies were identified as the most stable and efficient pollinators of A. plantago-aquatica in various parts of the species range. Bees (Apidae) were recognized as A. plantago-aquatica pollinators for the first time in this work. A flower isolation experiment confirmed that A. plantago-aquatica is a self-compatible plant, but requires insects for the most efficient cross-pollination.
Topics: Animals; Alisma; Alismataceae; Pollination; Flowers; Biology
PubMed: 36301426
DOI: 10.1134/S0012496622050167 -
Veterinary Parasitology Jul 2021Taeniosis/cysticercosis and echinococcosis are neglected zoonotic helminth infections with high disease burden caused by tapeworms which circulate between definitive and... (Review)
Review
Taeniosis/cysticercosis and echinococcosis are neglected zoonotic helminth infections with high disease burden caused by tapeworms which circulate between definitive and intermediate host reflecting a predator-prey interaction. Taeniid eggs can remain vital for months, allowing arthropods to mechanically transport them to intermediate hosts. However, the multiple routes that arthropods provide as carriers of taeniid eggs are still often unregarded or not considered. This review focuses on the prevalence and importance of arthropods as carriers and spreaders of taeniid eggs in the epidemiology of taeniosis/cysticercosis and echinococcosis. Current scientific knowledge showed a relevant role of houseflies (Muscidae), blowflies (Calliphoridae), dung beetles (Scarabaeoidea), darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae), ground beetles (Carabidae) and skin beetles (Dermestidae) in the spread of taeniid eggs in the environment, which may favor the infection of new hosts through the direct ingestion of an insect or of contaminated food and water. At last, key research challenges are highlighted, illustrating that further knowledge on the topic is needed to develop and improve guidelines and actions to prevent taeniid infections worldwide.
Topics: Animals; Insecta; Taenia; Taeniasis; Zoonoses
PubMed: 34038808
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109450 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Feb 2021This study describes the registration of the first cases of lumpy skin disease in July 2016 in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the rural district of Makash,...
This study describes the registration of the first cases of lumpy skin disease in July 2016 in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the rural district of Makash, Kurmangazinsky district of Atyrau region, 459 cattle fell ill and 34 died (morbidity 12.9% and mortality 0.96%). To determine the cause of the disease, samples were taken from sick and dead animals, as well as from insects and ticks. LSDV DNA was detected by PCR in all samples from dead animals and ticks (Dermacentor marginatus and Hyalomma asiaticum), in 14.29% of samples from horseflies (Tabanus bromius), and in one of the samples from two Stomoxys calcitrans flies. The reproductive LSD virus was isolated from organs of dead cattle and insects in the culture of LT and MDBK cells. The virus accumulated in cell cultures of LT and MDBK at the level of the third passage with titers in the range of 5.5-5.75 log 10 TCID50/cm. Sequencing of the GPCR gene allowed us to identify this virus as a lumpy skin disease virus.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Ixodidae; Kazakhstan; Lumpy Skin Disease; Lumpy skin disease virus; Muscidae
PubMed: 33590351
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02613-6 -
Parasitology Research Feb 2021Musca domestica is one of the major cosmopolitan pests in livestock facilities because it can be both a nuisance and a vector of pathogens to animals. Currently,...
Musca domestica is one of the major cosmopolitan pests in livestock facilities because it can be both a nuisance and a vector of pathogens to animals. Currently, treatment of animal manure with insect growth regulator (IGR) insecticides is among major practices to control M. domestica throughout the year over wide-ranging environmental temperatures. Fluctuation in daily or seasonal temperature is one of the most established factors impacting toxicity of insecticides against insect pests. In this study, the effect of posttreatment temperature (range, 20-36 °C) on the toxicity of eight IGRs: five chitin synthesis inhibitors (cyromazine, diflubenzuron, lufenuron, novaluron, triflumuron), two juvenile hormone analogs (methoprene, pyriproxyfen), and one ecdysone agonist (methoxyfenozide), was investigated against M. domestica. The toxicity of lufenuron and novaluron increased by 1.78 times over the range of 20-28 °C, and 2.25 and 1.83 times, respectively, over the range of 28-36 °C, with an overall increase by 4.00 and 3.26 times, respectively (i.e., positive temperature coefficient). In contrast, the toxicity of diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, and triflumuron decreased by 1.43, 1.89, and 2.10 times, respectively, over the range of 20-28 °C, and 1.70, 2.00, and 1.95 times, respectively, over the range of 28-36 °C, with an overall decrease by 2.43, 3.78, and 4.10 times, respectively. The toxicity of cyromazine, methoprene, and methoxyfenozide did not change significantly. Overall, these data will help stakeholders to choose appropriate insecticides for M. domestica control depending on the prevailing environmental temperature and to avoid misuse of insecticides that ultimately lead to environmental safety.
Topics: Animals; Houseflies; Insecticides; Juvenile Hormones; Larva; Temperature
PubMed: 33415395
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06998-5 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Aug 2023Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae) are hematophagous ectoparasites of medical and veterinary importance. In this study, three Stomoxys species, i.e. S. bengalensis, S....
Stomoxys flies (Diptera: Muscidae) are hematophagous ectoparasites of medical and veterinary importance. In this study, three Stomoxys species, i.e. S. bengalensis, S. calcitrans, and S. sitiens, were collected from three provinces in Central Thailand with the aim of estimating the genetic divergence between species, for species identification, as well as within species, for a genetic diversity study based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Our results showed that the average intraspecific genetic divergences of Stomoxys flies ranged from 0.11% in S. sitiens to 0.98% in S. calcitrans, whereas the average interspecific genetic divergences ranged from 5.24% between S. sitiens and S. bengalensis to 6.69% between S. calcitrans and S. bengalensis. In addition, there was no overlap between the intraspecific and interspecific genetic divergences. The COI sequence analysis revealed a high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity, reflecting a rapid population expansion after past bottlenecks. Moreover, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the pairwise population differentiation (Fst) among Stomoxys flies in Central Thailand, because of the lack of natural barriers, thus allowing genetic exchange between them. The monitoring of the haplotype network revealed that two lineages of S. calcitrans in Central Thailand were distributed in all study areas, including the Nakhon Pathom, Pathum Thani, and Saraburi Provinces. These findings may improve our understanding of the genetic patterns of these three Stomoxys flies, as well as the underlying biological mechanisms, which is knowledge that can be used for further effective control of these flies.
Topics: Muscidae; Animals; Genetic Variation; Thailand; Genetic Drift; Male; Female; Phylogeny; Likelihood Functions
PubMed: 37263337
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105455 -
International Journal of Dermatology May 2022
Topics: Animals; Houseflies; Humans
PubMed: 34984669
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16027 -
Journal of Medical Entomology May 2024Musca flies (Diptera: Muscidae) have been found culpable in the mechanical transmission of several infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, protozoans, and...
Musca flies (Diptera: Muscidae) have been found culpable in the mechanical transmission of several infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, protozoans, and helminths, particularly in low-income settings in tropical regions. In large numbers, these flies can negatively impact the health of communities and their livestock through the transmission of pathogens. In some parts of the world, Musca sorbens is of particular importance because it has been linked with the transmission of trachoma, a leading cause of preventable and irreversible blindness or visual impairment caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, but the contribution these flies make to trachoma transmission has not been quantified and even less is known for other pathogens. Current tools for control and monitoring of house flies remain fairly rudimentary and have focused on the use of environmental management, insecticides, traps, and sticky papers. Given that the behaviors of flies are triggered by chemical cues from their environment, monitoring approaches may be improved by focusing on those activities that are associated with nuisance behaviors or with potential pathogen transmission, and there are opportunities to improve fly control by exploiting behaviors toward semiochemicals that act as attractants or repellents. We review current knowledge on the odor and visual cues that affect the behavior of M. sorbens and Musca domestica, with the aim of better understanding how these can be exploited to support disease monitoring and guide the development of more effective control strategies.
PubMed: 38795384
DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae070 -
BMC Research Notes Oct 2022Historical ecological records document the diversity and composition of communities decades or centuries ago. They can provide a valuable benchmark for comparisons with...
OBJECTIVES
Historical ecological records document the diversity and composition of communities decades or centuries ago. They can provide a valuable benchmark for comparisons with modern communities. Historical datasets on plant-animal interactions allow for modern comparisons that examine the stability of species and interaction networks over long periods of time and in response to anthropogenic change. Here we present a curated dataset of interactions between plants and insects in subarctic Finland, generated from digitizing a historical document from the late 19th century and updating the taxonomy using currently accepted nomenclature.
DATA DESCRIPTION
The resulting dataset contains 654 records of plant-insect interactions observed during the years 1895-1900, and includes 498 unique interactions between 86 plant species and 173 insect taxa. Syrphidae, Apidae and Muscidae were the insect families involved in most interactions, and interactions were most observed with the plant species Angelica archangelica, Salix caprea, and Chaerophyllum prescottii. Interaction data are available as csv-file and provide a valuable resource on plant-insect interactions over 120 years ago in a high latitude ecosystem that is undergoing rapid climate change.
Topics: Animals; Bees; Ecosystem; Finland; Insecta; Plants; Pollination
PubMed: 36209130
DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06213-x