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Medical and Veterinary Entomology Dec 2022Adult house flies feed and breed in a variety of microbe-rich habitats and serve as vectors for human and animal pathogens. To better understand their role in harbouring...
Adult house flies feed and breed in a variety of microbe-rich habitats and serve as vectors for human and animal pathogens. To better understand their role in harbouring and disseminating bacteria, we characterized the composition and diversity of bacterial communities in the gut of female house flies collected from three different habitats in Kansas: agricultural (dairy farm), urban (business area dumpsters) and mixed (business located between residential and animal agriculture areas). Bacterial community composition and diversity were influenced more by the house flies' habitat than by sampling time. The most abundant taxa were also highly prevalent in the house flies collected from all three habitats, potentially representing a 'core microbiome' attributable to the fly's trophic and reproductive associations with substrates and food sources comprised of decaying matter and/or animal waste. Bacterial taxa associated with vertebrate guts/faeces and potential pathogens were highly abundant in agricultural fly microbial communities. Interestingly, taxa of potential pathogens were highly abundant in flies from the mixed and urban sites. House flies harboured diverse bacterial communities influenced by the habitat in which they reside, including potential human and animal pathogens, further bolstering their role in the dissemination of pathogens, and indicating their utility for pathogen surveillance.
Topics: Female; Humans; Animals; Houseflies; Muscidae; Bacteria; Microbiota; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 35599244
DOI: 10.1111/mve.12581 -
Insects Aug 2022The susceptibility to six pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and bifenthrin), each at the...
The susceptibility to six pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and bifenthrin), each at the recommended concentration, was evaluated for two stable fly species- (Linnaeus, 1758) and Picard, 1908 (Diptera: Muscidae)-through tarsal contact using a World Health Organization (WHO) cone bioassay procedure. The field populations of were collected from the Songkhla and Phattalung provinces, while were collected from the Phattalung and Satun provinces in Thailand. The stable flies were exposed to insecticide-treated filter paper for 30 min, and their knockdown counts at 30 min and 60 min and mortality counts at 12 h and 24 h were recorded. The and Songkhla and Phattalung populations were moderately susceptible to pyrethroids, as indicated by the 24 h mortality. Nonetheless, the Satun population of was completely susceptible to permethrin, with 100% mortality, and showed the lowest susceptibility to deltamethrin and bifenthrin. The results indicate the generally low susceptibility of stable flies to pyrethroids in the southern provinces of Thailand.
PubMed: 36005336
DOI: 10.3390/insects13080711 -
International Journal of Legal Medicine Sep 2021Synthesiomyia nudiseta (van der Wulp, 1883) is a synanthropic muscid found in tropical and subtropical zones around the world. The larvae of this species are a secondary... (Review)
Review
Synthesiomyia nudiseta (van der Wulp, 1883) is a synanthropic muscid found in tropical and subtropical zones around the world. The larvae of this species are a secondary agent of myiasis with necrophagous habits and play an important role in forensic entomology, as they are used as an indicator of post-mortem interval. Adults can be considered vectors of etiological agents such as Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae. Due to its ability to adapt to different environmental conditions, its high dispersal capacity (shown by its introduction to Europe), its predatory habits in the last larval stage and the difficulty of identifying it, a very important goal is to update our knowledge about this species. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review the identification, geographical distribution and biology of this species in order to provide better support to investigations involving this fly.
Topics: Animals; Ecosystem; Forensic Entomology; Life Cycle Stages; Muscidae; Predatory Behavior; Species Specificity
PubMed: 33738569
DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02543-w -
Medical and Veterinary Entomology Mar 2023The enigmatic larvae of the Old World genus Passeromyia Rodhain & Villeneuve, 1915 (Diptera: Muscidae) inhabit the nests of birds as saprophages or as haematophagous...
The enigmatic larvae of the Old World genus Passeromyia Rodhain & Villeneuve, 1915 (Diptera: Muscidae) inhabit the nests of birds as saprophages or as haematophagous agents of myiasis among nestlings. Using light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, we provide the first morphological descriptions of the first, second and third instar of P. longicornis (Macquart, 1851) (Diptera: Muscidae), the first and third instar of P. indecora (Walker, 1858) (Diptera: Muscidae), and we revise the larval morphology of P. heterochaeta (Villenueve, 1915) (Diptera: Muscidae) and P. steini Pont, 1970 (Diptera: Muscidae). We provide a key to the third instar of examined species (excluding P. steini and P. veitchi Bezzi, 1928 (Diptera: Muscidae)). Examination of the cephaloskeleton revealed paired rod-like sclerites, named 'rami', between the lateral arms of the intermediate sclerite in the second and third instar larva. We reveal parastomal bars fused apically with the intermediate sclerite, the absence of which has so far been considered as apomorphic for second and third instar muscid larvae. Examination of additional material suggests that modified parastomal bars are not exclusive features of Passeromyia but occur widespread in the Muscidae, and rami may occur widespread in the Cyclorrhapha.
Topics: Animals; Larva; Muscidae; Diptera; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Myiasis; Birds
PubMed: 36156281
DOI: 10.1111/mve.12603 -
Parasitology International Aug 2022Strategic helminth control in adult cattle would hardly impose sufficient selection pressure to parasite populations but reports of resistance against macrocyclic... (Review)
Review
Strategic helminth control in adult cattle would hardly impose sufficient selection pressure to parasite populations but reports of resistance against macrocyclic lactone (ML) based-products have been confirmed worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the scientific literature of ML resistance (< 90.0% efficiency) in helminths of cattle from 2001 (the first report) to 2020 in Brazil. Additional to the data, we studied the correlation of parasite control practices based on a questionnaire given to 32 farmers. The search returned 246 reports and 21 full articles were selected. From these, a Wordcloud and a Keyword Co-occurrence Network graph were created. The published data revealed that most of the studies (19/21) reported multi-species (Cooperia spp., Haemonchus sp., Oesophagostomum radiatum, Trichostrongylus sp.) resistance to ML. None of the reports described the treatment frequency in the tested farms. As for the questionnaire, the majority of farmers (> 70.0%) responded that they rotate products after treatment, animals are treated monthly or biweekly (58.0%), treatments are based on visual evaluation (coat condition, ectoparasite infestation), and that in 94.0% of the times farmers treat all animals. Moreover, farmers use ML in association with potent acaricides (cypermethrin, chlorpyriphos, fluazuron) in more than 90.0% of the times (15/16). It was observed that this regimen was used to prevent and control the cattle-tick Rhipicephalus microplus (90.0%) and the horn-fly, Haematobia irritans (30.0%) infestations. We conclude that the most important factor for nematode resistance was the high level of ML exposure of up to 16 times/year, in combination with acaricides to control ticks and to a lesser extent to control horn-flies. Therefore, selection of helminth populations in cattle in Brazil can be considered secondary to ectoparasite control. The present analysis is critical, as one the most widespread recommendations to avoid drug resistance is to reduce the use of long-acting compounds, due to their extended persistent periods, increasing parasite selection. Moreover, a more serious attitude must be taken regarding parasite control strategies for livestock, reinforcing that health protocols should be based on single acaricidal products whenever possible. Complementary, selective evaluations based on transient threshold population abundance must be enforced to reduce treatment frequency, reducing parasite selection and animal distress.
Topics: Acaricides; Animals; Brazil; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Lactones; Muscidae; Nematoda; Rhipicephalus; Tick Infestations
PubMed: 35452796
DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102588 -
Toxins Nov 2021The bioinsecticidal action of has so far been reported against some target insects, and the mode of action remains unclear. In this study, the pathogenicity potential...
The bioinsecticidal action of has so far been reported against some target insects, and the mode of action remains unclear. In this study, the pathogenicity potential of a recently isolated strain of this bacterial species against fly larvae of medical and veterinary interest was determined. Preliminary experiments were conducted to determine the biocidal action by ingestion against and larvae, which highlighted a concentration-dependent effect, with LC values of 3.6 and 2.5 × 10 CFU/mL, respectively. Bacterial septicaemia was observed in the body of insects assuming bacterial cells by ingestion. Such rapid bacterial reproduction in the hemolymph supports a toxin-mediated mechanism of action involving the intestinal barrier overcoming. In order to gain more information on the interaction with the host, the relative time-course expression of selected genes associated with virulence and pathogenicity, was determined by qPCR at the gut level during the first infection stage. Among target genes, was the most expressed, followed by and the fluorescent insecticidal toxin . According to our observations and to the diversity of metabolites produces, the pathogenic interaction this bacterium can establish with different targets appears to be complex and multifactorial.
Topics: Animals; Calliphoridae; Houseflies; Insect Control; Larva; Pseudomonas
PubMed: 34822556
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110772 -
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences... Jan 2022<b>Background and Objective:</b> The housefly, <i>Musca domestica</i> L. is the most widespread species of fly in the world. It is in close...
<b>Background and Objective:</b> The housefly, <i>Musca domestica</i> L. is the most widespread species of fly in the world. It is in close association with many human pathogens that which can cause serious and life-threatening diseases are known to be carried by house flies, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, Therefore, this study came intending to determine the role of house flies isolated from some slaughterhouses in the city of Al-Diwaniyah/Iraq in the spread of bacterial and fungal pathogens to humans. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The 120 insects of house flies were collected randomly from some slaughterhouses for the period September to November, 2021 by special networks prepared for this purpose and transferred to the laboratory and then the bacteria and fungi were isolated and identified from the external surface of house flies by using appropriate culture media. <b>Results:</b> In this study, 148 bacterial isolates belonging to 15 species of bacteria were isolated and diagnosed from the external body of house flies that isolated, 91 samples had given positive growth of bacteria and <i>Escherichia coli</i> was the most occurrence and frequent from the other bacterial isolates, the occurrence rate of it was 16/91 (17.582%) with a frequency rate of 27/148 (18.243%). The 154 fungal isolates belonging to 16 species of fungi were isolated and diagnosed from the external body of house flies, 87 samples had given a positive growth of fungi and <i>Aspergillus niger</i> was the most occurrence and frequent from the other fungal isolates, as its occurrence rate reached 14/87 (16.091%) and the frequency rate of 21/154 (13.636%). <b>Conclusion:</b> House flies transmit many pathological microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc., which causes various diseases for humans and animals and it may help the spread of antibiotic-resistant species and there is an urgent need to conduct many studies to know the new types of microorganisms that house flies can transmit.
Topics: Abattoirs; Animals; Bacteria; Fungi; Houseflies; Insect Vectors
PubMed: 35638530
DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2022.353.357 -
Journal of Economic Entomology Feb 2023Livestock farming is currently reducing the use of synthetic insecticides because of the development of resistance in insect pests. Plant-based bioinsecticides are...
Chemical Profiles and Lethal Toxicities of Native Botanical Insecticides for the Control of Musca domestica Linnaeus and Stomoxys indicus Picard (Diptera: Muscidae) in Songkhla Province, Thailand.
Livestock farming is currently reducing the use of synthetic insecticides because of the development of resistance in insect pests. Plant-based bioinsecticides are considered alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Therefore, the present study investigated the chemical composition and discriminating concentrations (DCs) of essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and L. M. Perry (SA), Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm (CP), and Litsea cubeba (Loureiro) Persoon (LC) against laboratory-reared Musca domestica (larvae and adults) and field-derived Stomoxys indicus (adults) using larval dip and adult contact bioassays. All essential oils were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. The most common components in the SA, CP, and LC oils were eugenol, safrole, and terpenoids, respectively. The results of a larval test indicated that CP was most effective against M. domestica with a DC of 6.134% v/v. In adult bioassays, CP was also the most toxic oil against M. domestica (DC = 30.644% v/v), whereas SA displayed the greatest toxicity against S. indicus (DC = 1.434% v/v). Moreover, in the larval bioassay results of oils tested at 1, 5, and 10% v/v in M. domestica, 1% and 5% v/v CP had the shortest median lethal times values of 68.88 and 19.44 min, respectively, whereas, at 10% v/v, SA displayed the shortest median lethal time (0.03 min), followed by CP (1.74 min) and LC (19.02 min). However, additional data are needed to further evaluate the semi-field and field effects of CP and SA on M. domestica and S. indicus under realistic operational conditions.
Topics: Animals; Houseflies; Muscidae; Insecticides; Thailand; Oils, Volatile; Larva
PubMed: 36545896
DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac202 -
Viruses Jan 2022House flies () are often present in swine farms worldwide. These flies utilize animal secretions and waste as a food source. House flies may harbor and transport...
House flies () are often present in swine farms worldwide. These flies utilize animal secretions and waste as a food source. House flies may harbor and transport microbes and pathogens acting as mechanical vectors for diseases. Senecavirus A (SVA) infection in pigs occurs via oronasal route, and animals shed high virus titers to the environment. Additionally, SVA possesses increased environmental resistance. Due to these reasons, we investigated the tenacity of SVA in house flies. Five groups of flies, each composed of ten females and ten males, were exposed to SVA, titer of 10 tissue culture infectious dose (TCID/mL). Groups of male and female flies were collected at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-exposure. For comparison purposes, groups of flies were exposed to Swinepox virus (SwPV). Infectious SVA was identified in all tested groups. Successful isolation of SVA demonstrated the titers varied between 10 and 10 TCID/mL in female groups and varied from 10 to 10 TCID/mL in male groups. In contrast, infectious SwPV was only detected in the female group at 6 h. The significant SVA infectious titer for prolonged periods of time, up to 48 h, indicates a potential role of flies in SVA transmission.
Topics: Animals; Farms; Female; Houseflies; Larva; Male; Picornaviridae; Swine; Swine Diseases; Viral Load
PubMed: 35062331
DOI: 10.3390/v14010127 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2022Buffalo flies (Haematobia irritans ) are hematophagous ectoparasites of cattle causing production and welfare impacts in northern Australian herds. Skin lesions...
Buffalo flies (Haematobia irritans ) are hematophagous ectoparasites of cattle causing production and welfare impacts in northern Australian herds. Skin lesions associated with buffalo fly infestation and nematode infection are manifested as focal dermatitis or ulcerated areas, most commonly on the medial canthus of the eye, along the lateral and ventral neck, and on the abdomen of cattle. For closely related horn flies (), Staphylococcus aureus has been suggested as a contributing factor in the development of lesions. To investigate the potential role of bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of buffalo fly lesions, swabs were taken from lesions and normal skin, and bacteria were also isolated from surface washings of buffalo flies and surface-sterilized homogenized flies. Bacterial identification was conducted by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and strain typing by repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) and DNA sequencing to determine species similarity and virulence factors. Of 50 bacterial isolates collected from lesions, 38 were identified as Staphylococcus agnetis and 12 as Staphylococcus hyicus, whereas four isolates from normal skin were and one was Mammaliicoccus sciuri. Of the Staphylococcus isolates isolated from buffalo flies, five were identified as and three as . Fifty percent of the buffalo fly isolates had rep-PCR genotypic patterns identical to those of the lesion isolates. Genome sequencing of 16 and four isolates revealed closely similar virulence factor profiles, with all isolates possessing exfoliative toxin A and C genes. The findings from this study suggest the involvement of and in buffalo fly lesion pathogenesis. This should be taken into account in the development of effective treatment and control strategies for lesions. Skin lesions in cattle associated with feeding by fly species are a significant welfare issue in Australia, North and South America, and Europe. The development of these lesions has been attributed to a number of causal factors, but the exact etiology and pathogenesis were unclear. This study characterized Staphylococcus agnetis and Staphylococcus hyicus strains from cattle skin lesions and in vector flies and demonstrated their role in the pathogenesis of these lesions. These findings will aid the development of targeted and more effective treatment and control strategies for lesions associated with fly infestation in cattle.
Topics: Animals; Australia; Cattle; Muscidae; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus hyicus
PubMed: 35863026
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00873-22