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International Journal of Medicinal... 2023This study was conducted to evaluate extraction yield, antioxidant content, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of extracts obtained from submerged mycelium...
This study was conducted to evaluate extraction yield, antioxidant content, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity of extracts obtained from submerged mycelium (ME) and fruiting body (FBE) of Phellinus robiniae NTH-PR1. The results showed that yields of ME and FBE reached 14.84 ± 0.63 and 18.89 ± 0.86%, respectively. TPSC, TPC, and TFC were present in both mycelium and fruiting body, and the more contents of them were found in fruiting body. The concentrations of TPSC, TPC and TFC in ME and FBE were 17.61 ± 0.67 and 21.56 ± 0.89 mg GE g-1, 9.31 ± 0.45 and 12.14 ± 0.56 mg QAE g-1, and 8.91 ± 0.53 and 9.04 ± 0.74 mg QE g-1, respectively. EC50 values for DPPH radical scavenging revealed FBE (260.62 ± 3.33 μg mL-1) was more effective than ME (298.21 ± 3.61 μg mL-1). EC50 values for ferrous ion chelating in ME and FBE were 411.87 ± 7.27 and 432.39 ± 2.23 μg mL-1, respectively. Thus, both extracts were able to inhibit Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial strains, at concentrations ranging in 25-100 mg mL-1 of ME and 18.75-75 mg mL-1 of FBE for Gram-positive bacteria; ranging in 75-100 mg mL-1 of ME and 50-75 of FBE for Gram-negative bacteria. Overall submerged mycelial biomass and fruiting bodies of Ph. robiniae NTH-PR1 can be considered as useful natural sources for development of functional food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products or cosmeceuticals.
Topics: Agaricales; Antioxidants; Basidiomycota; Anti-Infective Agents; Ascomycota; Mycelium; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal
PubMed: 37017660
DOI: 10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.2022047243 -
Bio Systems Nov 2021Mycelium networks are promising substrates for designing unconventional computing devices providing rich topologies and geometries where signals propagate and interact....
Mycelium networks are promising substrates for designing unconventional computing devices providing rich topologies and geometries where signals propagate and interact. Fulfilling our long-term objectives of prototyping electrical analog computers from living mycelium networks, including networks hybridised with nanoparticles, we explore the possibility of implementing Boolean logical gates based on electrical properties of fungal colonies. We converted a 3D image-data stack of Aspergillus niger fungal colony to an Euclidean graph and modelled the colony as resistive and capacitive (RC) networks, where electrical parameters of edges were functions of the edges' lengths. We found that and, or and and-not gates are implementable in RC networks derived from the geometrical structure of the real fungal colony.
Topics: Aspergillus niger; Colony Count, Microbial; Computer Simulation; Electric Stimulation; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Models, Biological; Mycelium; Spores, Fungal
PubMed: 34403720
DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104507 -
Polish Journal of Microbiology Jun 2024This study aimed to elucidate the influence of various culture medium components, including carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, suspension agents, and...
This study aimed to elucidate the influence of various culture medium components, including carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, suspension agents, and temperature, on the mycelial growth characteristics of . Employing single-factor experiments and response surface methodology within glass Petri dishes, the research identified that carrot powder, soybean powder, and ZnSO notably enhanced the proliferation of aerial mycelium, significantly augmenting the growth rate of mycelium. The resultant mycelium was observed to be dense, robust, and fluffy in texture. In particular, ZnSO markedly accelerated the mycelium growth rate. Furthermore, xanthan gum was found to effectively modulate the medium's viscosity, ensuring a stable suspension and facilitating nutrient equilibrium. The optimal cultivation temperature was determined to be 25°C, with mycelial growth ceasing below 5°C and mycelium perishing at temperatures exceeding 35°C. The optimal medium composition was established as follows: wheat starch 5 g/l, carrot powder 5 g/l, soybean powder 7.50 g/l, glucose 10 g/l, ZnSO 0.71 g/l, NHCl 0.68 g/l, xanthan gum 0.5 g/l, and agar 20 g/l. Under these optimized conditions, the mycelium of exhibited a rapid growth rate (1.04 ± 0.14 mm/day), characterized by a thick, dense, and well-developed structure. This investigation provides a theoretical foundation for the conservation, strain selection, and breeding of .
Topics: Mycelium; Culture Media; Temperature; Nitrogen; Carbon; Polysaccharides, Bacterial
PubMed: 38905279
DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2024-022 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jul 2020Environmental pollution and scarcity of natural resources lead to an increased interest in developing more sustainable materials. For example, the traditional... (Review)
Review
Environmental pollution and scarcity of natural resources lead to an increased interest in developing more sustainable materials. For example, the traditional construction industry, which is largely based on the extraction of fossil fuels and raw materials, is called into question. A solution can be found in biologically augmented materials that are made by growing mycelium-forming fungal microorganisms on natural fibres rich in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In this way, organic waste streams, such as agricultural waste, are valorised while creating a material that is biodegradable at the end of its life cycle - a process that fits in the spirit of circular economy. Mycelium-based materials have properties that are promising for a wide range of applications, including the use as construction materials. Despite this promise, the applicability and the practicality of these materials are largely unexplored and moreover, individual studies use a wide range of different experimental approaches and non-standardized procedures. In this review, we critically evaluate existing data on the composition of mycelium-based materials and process variables with the aim of providing a comprehensive framework of the production process. The framework illustrates the many input factors during the production that have an impact on the final characteristics of the material, and the unique potential to deploy more tuneable levels in the fabrications process that can serve to prototype a diversity of new unprecedented applications. Furthermore, we determine the applicability of existing data and identify knowledge gaps. This framework is valuable in identifying standardized approaches for future studies and in informing the design and process of new applications of mycelium-based materials.
Topics: Agriculture; Cellulose; Lignin; Mycelium
PubMed: 32298897
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138431 -
Extremophiles : Life Under Extreme... Jul 2019Alkaliphilic fungi are fundamentally different from alkalitolerant ones in terms of mechanisms of adaptation. They accumulate trehalose in cytosol and phosphatidic...
Alkaliphilic fungi are fundamentally different from alkalitolerant ones in terms of mechanisms of adaptation. They accumulate trehalose in cytosol and phosphatidic acids (PA) in the membrane lipids, whereas alkalitolerants contain these compounds in low amounts. But it is unclear how the composition of osmolytes and lipids changes during cytodifferentiation. In this article the composition of lipids and soluble cytosol carbohydrates in the mycelium and fruit bodies of the alkaliphilic fungus Sodiomyces alkalinus was studied. In the mycelium, mannitol and trehalose dominated, while in fruit bodies only trehalose was predominant. Phosphatidylcholines (PC), PA and sterols were major membrane lipids of the mycelium, while PC and sterols were predominant in fruit bodies. The degree of fatty acids unsaturation of the main mycelium phospholipids (PC and PA) increased with age, while that of PC did not change regardless of the developmental stage. In young mycelium, storage lipids were represented mainly by free fatty acids, and in mature mycelium and fruit bodies-by triacylglycerols. Fruit bodies contained three times less membrane lipids and twice as many storage lipids as mycelium. Trehalose was the main cytosol carbohydrate in the mycelium and fruit bodies, which confirms its key value for alkaliphily.
Topics: Ascomycota; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Fatty Acids; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal; Lipid Metabolism; Mannitol; Membrane Lipids; Mycelium; Trehalose
PubMed: 31076918
DOI: 10.1007/s00792-019-01100-z -
Environmental Technology Mar 2022Iron bioaccumulation in basidiomycetes is an alternative to recover ferrous sulphate from titanium dioxide pigment production and to produce an iron-enriched mycelial...
Iron bioaccumulation in basidiomycetes is an alternative to recover ferrous sulphate from titanium dioxide pigment production and to produce an iron-enriched mycelial biomass. This study aimed to evaluate iron bioaccumulation capacity in vegetative mycelium of edible and medicinal fungi grown in malt extract liquid medium with different ferrous sulphate contents. Five basidiomycetes were grown in malt extract liquid medium with different iron contents from 0.116 to 100 mg L iron. The iron content of dried mycelial biomass bioaccumulated with iron was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All fungi grew on the iron culture media and the mycelial biomass growth ranged from 3.24 ± 0.65a mg mL to 12.46 ± 0.29 mg mL. Iron addition to culture media increased the iron content in the mycelial biomass from 4000-13,000-fold compared with control. (2181 ± 218 mg kg) presented the greatest iron content in the mycelial biomass, followed by (1769 ± 131 mg kg), (1272 ± 8.84 mg kg), and (840 ± 75 mg kg). , followed by , and at 90 and 100 mg L iron in the culture medium are the best choices to produce iron-enriched mycelial biomass. This extensive study of several edible and medicinal basidiomycetes grown in different iron contents was effective in recovering ferrous sulphate byproduct and transferring it to mycelium to produce a new nutraceutical food of iron-enriched mycelial biomass.
Topics: Biomass; Culture Media; Iron; Mycelium; Pleurotus
PubMed: 32928067
DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1824023 -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Dec 2022Microbial fermentation in extreme environments is the focus of research, which provides new insights for the production and application of Monascus pigments. In this... (Review)
Review
Microbial fermentation in extreme environments is the focus of research, which provides new insights for the production and application of Monascus pigments. In this paper, the regulation of Monascus pigments metabolism by optimizing the conditions, such as osmotic pressure, high sugar stress, light, extreme temperature, high-water content, low-frequency magnetic field and ultrasonics, is reviewed and summarized in four parts: the mycelium growth of Monascus spp., metabolic pathways, gene expression and composition characteristics of Monascus pigments. The relationship between mycelial morphology, gene expression and pigments production during fermentation under unique environments is discussed. Based on the changes in metabolic pathways and composition characteristics, the regulatory mechanism of Monascus pigments under unique conditions is proposed. Moreover, the fermentation strategy and application prospects of Monascus pigments in unique environments are also discussed. This work will provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the optimized production of Monascus pigments.
Topics: Monascus; Pigments, Biological; Fermentation; Mycelium
PubMed: 36534171
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03486-z -
International Journal of Biological... Jan 2022Detection and study of biologically active compounds seems a promising area of research in cancer diagnostics and therapies. The glycoprotein and polysaccharide...
Detection and study of biologically active compounds seems a promising area of research in cancer diagnostics and therapies. The glycoprotein and polysaccharide fractions showing high cytotoxicity towards several human and animal cancer cell lines: A549, Hep-2, HeLa, С6 and SPEV-2 were isolated from basidiomycete Lentinus edodes vegetative mycelium and fruiting body and further characterized. It was found that water-soluble glycoprotein fractions caused the most significant, 70-100% inhibition of metabolic activity of SPЕV-2, А549 and С6 cell lines. The effective concentrations of glycoprotein fractions reducing the viability of cancer cell lines were determined. The protein and subunit composition of fractions was studied; the highly active galactose-specific lectins were found to be present in these fractions. Comparative analysis of transcriptomes of L. edodes vegetative mycelium, fruiting body and primordium revealed the presence of carbohydrate-binding glycoproteins (lectins) specific for each stage of basidiomycete morphogenesis. Histological examination revealed some morphological indicators of immune system activation and the absence of toxic effect on gastro-intestinal mucosa of animals at peroral administration of fungal glycoprotein fractions. Fungal protein and, in particular, lectin preparations derived from L. еdodes vegetative mycelium might be considered as novel prospective tools in cancer diagnostics and therapies.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Cell Line, Tumor; Fungal Proteins; Galactose; HeLa Cells; Humans; Lectins; Mycelium; Polysaccharides; Shiitake Mushrooms
PubMed: 34921890
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.059 -
Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung. C,... Nov 2021The agricultural waste with lignocellulose origin is considered to be one of the major environmental pollutants which, because of their high nutritional value, represent... (Review)
Review
The agricultural waste with lignocellulose origin is considered to be one of the major environmental pollutants which, because of their high nutritional value, represent an extremely rich resource with significant potential for the production of value added bio-products. This review discusses the applications of higher fungi to upcycle abundant agricultural by-products into more sustainable materials and to promote the transition to a circular economy. It focuses on the main factors influencing the properties and application of mycelium composites - the feedstock, the basidiomycete species and their interaction with the feedstock. During controlled solid state cultivation on various lignocellulose substrates, the basidiomycetes of class colonize their surfaces and form a three-dimensional mycelium net. Fungal mycelium secretes enzymes that break down lignocellulose over time and are partially replaced by mycelium. The mycelium adheres to the residual undegraded substrates resulting in the formation of a high-mechanical-strength bio-material called a mycelium based bio-composite. The mycelium based bio-composites are completely natural, biodegradable and can be composted after their cycle of use is completed. The physicochemical, mechanical, and thermodynamic characteristics of mycelium based bio-composites are competitive with those of synthetic polymers and allow them to be successfully used in the construction, architecture, and other industries.
Topics: Agriculture; Fungi; Lignin; Mycelium
PubMed: 34252997
DOI: 10.1515/znc-2021-0040 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Mar 2022The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity, determine and quantify the phenolic compounds and other compounds, and evaluate the cellular...
Biochemical characterization and biological properties of mycelium extracts from Lepista sordida GMA-05 and Trametes hirsuta GMA-01: new mushroom strains isolated in Brazil.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity, determine and quantify the phenolic compounds and other compounds, and evaluate the cellular cytotoxicity of mycelium extracts of two new Basidiomycete mushrooms strains isolated in Brazil and identified as Lepista sordida GMA-05 and Trametes hirsuta GMA-01. Higher amounts of proteins, free amino acids, total and reducing carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds as chlorogenic, ferulic, caffeic, and gallic acids were found in extracts of T. hirsuta and L. sordida. Protocatechuic acid was found only in aqueous extracts of L. sordida. The TLC of the extracts showed the predominance of glucose and smaller amounts of xylose. It was observed through UPLC-MS higher amounts of phenolic compounds. The aqueous extract from T. hirsuta had the most noteworthy results in the antioxidant assays, especially the ABTS test. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated using two different cell lineages and showed higher toxicity for L. sordida in macrophages J774-A1. However, in Vero cells, it was 12.6-fold less toxic when compared to T. hirsuta. Thus, both mushrooms show potential as functional foods or additives, presenting phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and low cytotoxic activity in the tested cells.
Topics: Agaricales; Animals; Antioxidants; Brazil; Chlorocebus aethiops; Chromatography, Liquid; Mycelium; Plant Extracts; Polyporaceae; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Trametes; Vero Cells
PubMed: 35076897
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00670-5