-
The Breast Journal Nov 2020Mastitis is a common disease in women with both infectious and noninfectious causes. Most cases occur during lactation and are caused by Staphylococcus aureus and...
Mastitis is a common disease in women with both infectious and noninfectious causes. Most cases occur during lactation and are caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species; parasites and Mycobacteria have rarely been reported to cause breast infections (Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases (9th edn);2019, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175:367). Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) which are also referred to as atypical mycobacteria, mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), or environmental mycobacteria are a large group of Mycobacteria which are becoming increasingly common cause of infection all over the world (Arch Dermatol. 2006;142:1287). NTM can cause infection diseases especially in immunocompromised patients, such as HIV-positive hosts, most commonly in the lungs, skin and soft tissue, lymph nodes or rarely spread with multiorgan dissemination (Arch Plast Surg. 2014;41:759). Mycobacterium gordonae (M. gordonae) is a slow-growing atypical mycobacterium that is considered the least pathogenic NTM. The organism is ubiquitous, and mostly isolated from soil and water. Despite its nonvirulent nature, clinically significant infections have been reported also in some immunocompetent patients (J Formosan Med Assoc. 2020, Clin Infect Dis. 1992;1229). We report the first documented case of breast infection in a young immunocompetent woman sustained by Mycobacterium Gordonae.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Lung; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Skin
PubMed: 33103825
DOI: 10.1111/tbj.14086 -
Clinics in Chest Medicine Dec 2023Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary disease is highly antibiotic-resistant, and the current armamentarium of antibiotics yields poor treatment outcomes with significant... (Review)
Review
Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary disease is highly antibiotic-resistant, and the current armamentarium of antibiotics yields poor treatment outcomes with significant drug toxicity. Macrolide susceptibility is a key prognostic factor. Optimal drug combinations, duration of therapy, and management of refractory disease are unknown. Surgical resection, performed at centers with experience in surgical management of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease, may produce favorable outcomes in select patients. Multiple emerging therapeutic candidates hold promise for more efficacious and tolerable treatment options.
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium abscessus; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Lung Diseases; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37890916
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2023.06.010 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Jan 2022Two aborted Chester White pig fetuses were presented to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in Illinois. Postmortem examination identified no gross abnormalities....
Two aborted Chester White pig fetuses were presented to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in Illinois. Postmortem examination identified no gross abnormalities. Histologic evaluation revealed multifocal necrosis of chorionic epithelial cells, coalescing areas of mineralization in the placenta, and focal accumulations of viable and degenerate neutrophils in the lung. Intra- and extracellular acid-fast bacilli were identified in the lesions in both the placenta and lungs. Bacterial culture of stomach contents yielded heavy growth of , a rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM), which was further confirmed through whole-genome sequencing. NTM are opportunistic pathogens commonly found in the soil and in contaminated water supplies. In animals, is typically introduced through cutaneous wounds leading to infections limited to the skin, with systemic infection being uncommon. To our knowledge, abortion caused by has not been reported previously.
Topics: Animals; Calcinosis; Cell Count; Epithelial Cells; Female; Mycobacterium fortuitum; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 34448422
DOI: 10.1177/10406387211042289 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Jan 2022Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are an emerging problem. Common organisms include Mycobacterium avium, M. intracellulare, and M. kansasii, along with the...
Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are an emerging problem. Common organisms include Mycobacterium avium, M. intracellulare, and M. kansasii, along with the M. avium intracellulare complex (MAC), which includes both M. avium and M. intracellulare. Typically, NTM infections affect the lungs and subsequently demonstrate a chronic course. Therefore, persistent respiratory symptoms generally indicate of the presence of pulmonary NTM diseases, and chest radiography, along with a sputum examination, are essential for its diagnosis. Because NTM are ubiquitous environmental organisms, a positive culture from a minimum of two separate expectorated sputum samples are required to make a diagnosis. The repertoire of effective drugs for treatment is considerably limited, indicating the need for long-term management with multiple drugs. Establishing a treatment regimen with high therapeutic efficacy and safety is an important issue for the future.
Topics: Humans; Lung; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Radiography
PubMed: 33840690
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.4361-19 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jan 2023Mycobacterium abscessus is one of the most common and pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolated in clinical laboratories. It consists of three subspecies: M....
Mycobacterium abscessus is one of the most common and pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolated in clinical laboratories. It consists of three subspecies: M. abscessus subsp. , M. abscessus subsp. , and M. abscessus subsp. . Due to their different antibiotic susceptibility pattern, a rapid and accurate identification method is necessary for their differentiation. Although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has proven useful for NTM identification, the differentiation of M. abscessus subspecies is challenging. In this study, a collection of 325 clinical isolates of M. abscessus was used for MALDI-TOF MS analysis and for the development of machine learning predictive models based on MALDI-TOF MS protein spectra. Overall, using a random forest model with several confidence criteria (samples by triplicate and similarity values >60%), a total of 96.5% of isolates were correctly identified at the subspecies level. Moreover, an improved model with Spanish isolates was able to identify 88.9% of strains collected in other countries. In addition, differences in culture media, colony morphology, and geographic origin of the strains were evaluated, showing that the latter had an impact on the protein spectra. Finally, after studying all protein peaks previously reported for this species, two novel peaks with potential for subspecies differentiation were found. Therefore, machine learning methodology has proven to be a promising approach for rapid and accurate identification of subspecies of M. abscessus using MALDI-TOF MS.
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium abscessus; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous
PubMed: 36602341
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01110-22 -
International Journal of... 2021Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), considered as mere contaminants, are off late, being reported as potential pathogens through various studies. The infections due to... (Review)
Review
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), considered as mere contaminants, are off late, being reported as potential pathogens through various studies. The infections due to NTM range from pulmonary to extra pulmonary including skin and soft-tissue infections, traumatic and surgical wound infections, and catheter and implant-associated infections. Although extrapulmonary infections are extensively explored, pulmonary infections are scarcely reported due to their misdiagnosis as tuberculosis caused by M. tuberculosis (MTB). Appropriate detection methods are essential in order to facilitate the differential diagnosis of NTM from MTB infections. We aimed to collate the data available on NTM diagnosis and its epidemiology in India in this review. While diagnosis of MTB itself is more challenging in India, for appropriate treatment of NTM, special training and attention is needed for differential diagnosis of the former from latter. Currently, in India, in addition to the available techniques for identification of NTM, line probe assay (Hains life sciences) is proving to be a promising tool for the detection of NTM (common mycobacteria/additional species kit) and their antimicrobial resistance (Genotype NTM-DR VER 1.0). In future, with the price of sequencing steadily coming down, with proper monitoring, whole-genome sequencing could be the test of choice to predict the species, drug resistance, outbreaks in hospitals, and transmission dynamics.
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Soft Tissue Infections; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 34494559
DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_141_21 -
Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious... Mar 2023Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) is uncommon or only performed in large reference laboratories. Here we developed a cumulative...
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) is uncommon or only performed in large reference laboratories. Here we developed a cumulative antibiogram for 14 RGM using the largest sample size to date (N = 3860). All RGM showed 82% to 100% susceptibility to amikacin. Mycobacterium abscessus showed low percentages of susceptibility to most antimicrobials; of antimicrobials without interpretations, the minimum inhibitory concentration-90 for clofazimine was low (≤0.5mg/L). All three subspecies had ≤2.6% rrl resistance mutations, however intact erm(41) was detected in 70% to100% of M. abscessus abscessus and bolletii. Mycobacterium chelonae had a similar susceptibility pattern to M. abscessus subsp. massiliense and Mycobacterium immunogenum except that it was susceptible to tobramycin (87%). Mycobacterium fortuitum complex and similar organisms showed higher frequency of susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, linezolid, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Although relatively small published RGM antibiograms showed substantial variance, a comprehensive antibiogram can help influence treatment and monitoring patterns of resistance.
Topics: Humans; United States; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Amikacin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 36610383
DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115882 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2020Over the last years, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have emerged as important human pathogens. Infections caused by NTM are often difficult to treat due to an... (Review)
Review
Over the last years, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have emerged as important human pathogens. Infections caused by NTM are often difficult to treat due to an intrinsic multidrug resistance for the presence of a lipid-rich outer membrane, thus encouraging an urgent need for the development of new drugs for the treatment of mycobacterial infections. Efflux pumps (EPs) are important elements that are involved in drug resistance by preventing intracellular accumulation of antibiotics. A promising strategy to decrease drug resistance is the inhibition of EP activity by EP inhibitors (EPIs), compounds that are able to increase the intracellular concentration of antimicrobials. Recently, attention has been focused on identifying EPIs in mycobacteria that could be used in combination with drugs. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on EPs and EPIs in NTM and also, the effect of potential EPIs as well as their combined use with antimycobacterial drugs in various NTM species are described.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Synergism; Humans; Membrane Transport Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Small Molecule Libraries
PubMed: 32545436
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124191 -
Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) Jan 2022The prevalence of infections by nontuberculous mycobacteria is increasing, having surpassed tuberculosis in the United States and much of the developed world....
The prevalence of infections by nontuberculous mycobacteria is increasing, having surpassed tuberculosis in the United States and much of the developed world. Nontuberculous mycobacteria occur naturally in the environment and are a significant problem for patients with underlying lung diseases such as bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis. Current treatment regimens are lengthy, complicated, toxic and they are often unsuccessful as seen by disease recurrence. Mycobacterium abscessus is one of the most commonly encountered organisms in nontuberculous mycobacteria disease and it is the most difficult to eradicate. There is currently no systematically proven regimen that is effective for treating M. abscessus infections. Our approach to drug discovery integrates machine learning, medicinal chemistry and in vitro testing and has been previously applied to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We have now identified several novel 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-amines that have weak activity on M. abscessus in vitro but may represent a starting point for future further medicinal chemistry optimization. We also address limitations still to be overcome with the machine learning approach for M. abscessus.
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Bayes Theorem; Drug Discovery; Humans; Machine Learning; Mycobacterium abscessus
PubMed: 35077930
DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102168 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Oct 2023Macrolides, such as clarithromycin, are crucial in the treatment of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). NTM are notoriously innately drug resistant, which has made the...
Macrolides, such as clarithromycin, are crucial in the treatment of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). NTM are notoriously innately drug resistant, which has made the dependence on macrolides for their treatment even more important. Not surprisingly, resistance to macrolides has been documented in some NTM, including and , which are the two NTM species most often identified in clinical isolates. Resistance is mediated by point mutations in the 23S ribosomal RNA or by methylation of the rRNA by a methylase (encoded by an gene). Chromosomally encoded genes have been identified in many of the macrolide-resistant isolates, but not in . Now, Brown-Elliott et al. (J Clin Microbiol 61:e00428-23, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00428-23) describe the identification of a new variant, (55) which was found either on the chromosome or on a plasmid in highly macrolide-resistant clinical isolates of . The chromosomal (55) gene appears to be associated with mobile elements; one gene is within a putative transposon and the second is in a large (37 kb) insertion/deletion. The plasmid carrying (55) also encodes type IV and type VII secretion systems, which are often linked on large mycobacterial plasmids and are hypothesized to mediate plasmid transfer. While the conjugative transfer of the (55)-containing plasmid between NTM has yet to be demonstrated, the inferences are clear, as evidenced by the dissemination of plasmid-mediated drug resistance in other medically important bacteria. Here, we discuss the findings of Brown-Elliott et al. and the potential ramifications on treatment of NTM infections.
Topics: Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mycobacterium chelonae; Macrolides; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Clarithromycin; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Chromosomes
PubMed: 37724858
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00628-23