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Current Microbiology Dec 2022Mycoplasma pneumoniae, an obligate parasitic pathogen without cell wall, can cause severe upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms. It is the pathogen of human... (Review)
Review
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, an obligate parasitic pathogen without cell wall, can cause severe upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms. It is the pathogen of human bronchitis and walking pneumonia, and named community-acquired pneumonia. In addition to severe respiratory symptoms, there are clinical extrapulmonary manifestations in the skin, brain, kidney, musculoskeletal, digestive system, and even blood system after M. pneumoniae infection. Hereby, we comprehensively summarized and reviewed the intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae infection. The pathogenesis of related respiratory symptoms caused by M. pneumoniae is mainly adhesion damage, direct damage including nutrient predation, invasion and toxin, cytokine induced inflammation damage and immune evasion effect. The pathogenesis of extrapulmonary manifestations includes direct damage mediated by invasion and inflammatory factors, indirect damage caused by host immune response, and vascular occlusion. The intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary pathogenic mechanisms of M. pneumoniae infection are independent and interrelated, and have certain commonalities. In fact, the pathogenic mechanisms of M. pneumoniae are complicated, and the specific content is still not completely clear, further researches are necessary for determining the detailed pathogenesis of M. pneumoniae. This review can provide certain guidance for the effective prevention and treatment of M. pneumoniae infection.
Topics: Humans; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Cell Wall; Cytokines; Inflammation; Kidney
PubMed: 36459213
DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03103-0 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Jan 2020is a fastidious organism of the class the smallest prokaryote capable of independent replication. First isolated in 1981, much is still unknown regarding its natural... (Review)
Review
is a fastidious organism of the class the smallest prokaryote capable of independent replication. First isolated in 1981, much is still unknown regarding its natural history in untreated infection. It is recognized as a sexually transmitted pathogen causing acute and chronic non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men, with a growing body of evidence to suggest it also causes cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease in women. Its role in several other clinical syndromes is uncertain. The majority of people infected remain asymptomatic and clear infection without developing disease; asymptomatic screening is therefore not recommended. Prevalence rates are higher in patients attending sexual health clinics and in men with NGU. Limited availability of diagnostics has encouraged syndromic management, resulting in widespread antimicrobial resistance and given that few antimicrobial classes have activity against , there is significant concern regarding the emergence of untreatable strains. There is a need for wider availability of testing, which should include detection of macrolide resistance mediating mutations. Expertise in interpretation of microbiological results with clinical correlation ensures targeted treatment avoiding unnecessary antibiotic exposure. Public health surveillance nationally and internationally is vital in monitoring and responding to changing epidemiology trends. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of , including epidemiology, clinical and microbiological data, and discuss treatment challenges in the era of rising multidrug resistance.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Prevalence; Public Health Surveillance; Risk Factors; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial; Urethritis
PubMed: 31329090
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000830 -
Critical Reviews in Microbiology Mar 2020Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the human species are most frequently isolated from the amniotic fluid and... (Review)
Review
Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the human species are most frequently isolated from the amniotic fluid and placenta in these cases. Ureaplasma colonisation is associated with infertility, stillbirth, histologic chorioamnionitis, and neonatal morbidities, including congenital pneumonia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, meningitis and perinatal death. The human spp. are separated into and with 14 known serotypes. The small genome has several genes, which code for surface proteins; most significantly the Multiple Banded Antigen (MBA) where an antigenic C-terminal domain elicits a host antibody response. Other genes code for various virulence factors such as IgA protease and urease. spp. infection is diagnosed by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and commercial assays are available to improve turnaround time. Microbroth dilution assays are routinely used to test antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical spp. especially against doxycycline, azithromycin, ofloxacin and josamycin. Resistance to macrolides, fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines has been reported. A concise review of spp. and their role in pregnancy outcomes, especially preterm birth, offers insight into the early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy to prevent long-term complications of spp. infections.
Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Premature Birth; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma Infections
PubMed: 32141797
DOI: 10.1080/1040841X.2020.1736986 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023, as one of the most common pathogens, usually causes upper respiratory tract infections and pneumonia in humans and animals. It accounts for 10% to 40% of... (Review)
Review
, as one of the most common pathogens, usually causes upper respiratory tract infections and pneumonia in humans and animals. It accounts for 10% to 40% of community-acquired pneumonia in children. The alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) are the first barrier against pathogen infections, triggering innate immune responses by recruiting and activating immune cells when pathogens invade into the lung. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the most plentiful innate immune cells in the lung, and are the first to initiate immune responses with pathogens invasion. The cross-talk between the alveolar epithelium and macrophages is necessary to maintain physiological homeostasis and to eradicate invaded pathogen by regulating immune responses during infections. This review summarizes the communications between alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells during infections, including cytokines-medicated communications, signal transduction by extracellular vesicles, surfactant associated proteins-medicated signal transmission and establishment of intercellular gap junction channels.
Topics: Child; Animals; Humans; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Macrophages, Alveolar; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Lung; Epithelial Cells
PubMed: 37113130
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1052020 -
Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia :... Jun 2021Within Mycoplasma genus, M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. hominis or U. urealyticum are the main species that have been traditionally linked to infectious processes.... (Review)
Review
Within Mycoplasma genus, M. pneumoniae, M. genitalium, M. hominis or U. urealyticum are the main species that have been traditionally linked to infectious processes. However, there are many other species involved in these conditions and that are, frequently, unfamiliar to healthcare professionals. The aim of this review is to identify all Mycoplasma genus species that have been isolated in human beings and to determine their involvement in infectious pathology.
Topics: Humans; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma genitalium; Mycoplasma hominis; Ureaplasma Infections; Ureaplasma urealyticum
PubMed: 33735544
DOI: 10.37201/req/014.2021 -
Avian Pathology : Journal of the W.V.P.A Feb 2022(MG) and (MS) are of clinical and economic importance for the global poultry industry. Many countries and integrations are involved in monitoring programmes to control... (Review)
Review
(MG) and (MS) are of clinical and economic importance for the global poultry industry. Many countries and integrations are involved in monitoring programmes to control both mycoplasma species. This review provides an extensive historic overview of the last seven decades on the development of the knowledge regarding the factors that influence the clinical expression of the disease, the epidemiology, and monitoring of both MG and MS. This includes the detection of new virulent strains, studies unravelling the transmission routes, survival characteristics, and the role of other avian hosts. Also the role of molecular typing tests in unravelling epidemiology and factors that complicate the interpretation of test results is discussed. The latter includes the presence of heterologous mycoplasma infections, the use of heterologous oil-emulsion vaccines, and the use of antibiotic treatments. Also the occurrence of MG and MS strains with low virulence and the use of live and/or inactivated MS and MS vaccines are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Mycoplasma synoviae; Poultry; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 34142880
DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1944605 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a major pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia in children. However, the specific pathogenesis of the progression of Mycoplasma...
INTRODUCTION
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a major pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia in children. However, the specific pathogenesis of the progression of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is unclear. We aimed to reveal the landscape of microbiota and the host immune response in MPP.
METHODS
This self-controlled study analyzed the microbiome and transcriptome of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from the severe side (SD) and opposite side (OD) of 41 children with MPP from January to December 2021 and revealed the differences of the peripheral blood neutrophil function among children with mild MPP, severe MPP, and healthy children through transcriptome sequencing.
RESULTS
The MP load or the pulmonary microbiota had no significant difference between the SD group and OD group, and the deterioration of MPP was related to the immune response, especially the intrinsic immune response.
DISCUSSION
The immune response plays a role in MPP, which may inform treatment strategies for MPP.
Topics: Child; Humans; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Microbiota; Neutrophils
PubMed: 37304280
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1189647 -
Nature Aug 2023Possessing only essential genes, a minimal cell can reveal mechanisms and processes that are critical for the persistence and stability of life. Here we report on how an... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Possessing only essential genes, a minimal cell can reveal mechanisms and processes that are critical for the persistence and stability of life. Here we report on how an engineered minimal cell contends with the forces of evolution compared with the Mycoplasma mycoides non-minimal cell from which it was synthetically derived. Mutation rates were the highest among all reported bacteria, but were not affected by genome minimization. Genome streamlining was costly, leading to a decrease in fitness of greater than 50%, but this deficit was regained during 2,000 generations of evolution. Despite selection acting on distinct genetic targets, increases in the maximum growth rate of the synthetic cells were comparable. Moreover, when performance was assessed by relative fitness, the minimal cell evolved 39% faster than the non-minimal cell. The only apparent constraint involved the evolution of cell size. The size of the non-minimal cell increased by 80%, whereas the minimal cell remained the same. This pattern reflected epistatic effects of mutations in ftsZ, which encodes a tubulin-homologue protein that regulates cell division and morphology. Our findings demonstrate that natural selection can rapidly increase the fitness of one of the simplest autonomously growing organisms. Understanding how species with small genomes overcome evolutionary challenges provides critical insights into the persistence of host-associated endosymbionts, the stability of streamlined chassis for biotechnology and the targeted refinement of synthetically engineered cells.
Topics: Biotechnology; Cell Division; Evolution, Molecular; Genome, Bacterial; Mutation; Mycoplasma mycoides; Genes, Essential; Synthetic Biology; Cell Size; Epistasis, Genetic; Selection, Genetic; Genetic Fitness; Symbiosis; Tubulin
PubMed: 37407813
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06288-x -
Nature Oct 2022Translation is the fundamental process of protein synthesis and is catalysed by the ribosome in all living cells. Here we use advances in cryo-electron tomography and...
Translation is the fundamental process of protein synthesis and is catalysed by the ribosome in all living cells. Here we use advances in cryo-electron tomography and sub-tomogram analysis to visualize the structural dynamics of translation inside the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. To interpret the functional states in detail, we first obtain a high-resolution in-cell average map of all translating ribosomes and build an atomic model for the M. pneumoniae ribosome that reveals distinct extensions of ribosomal proteins. Classification then resolves 13 ribosome states that differ in their conformation and composition. These recapitulate major states that were previously resolved in vitro, and reflect intermediates during active translation. On the basis of these states, we animate translation elongation inside native cells and show how antibiotics reshape the cellular translation landscapes. During translation elongation, ribosomes often assemble in defined three-dimensional arrangements to form polysomes. By mapping the intracellular organization of translating ribosomes, we show that their association into polysomes involves a local coordination mechanism that is mediated by the ribosomal protein L9. We propose that an extended conformation of L9 within polysomes mitigates collisions to facilitate translation fidelity. Our work thus demonstrates the feasibility of visualizing molecular processes at atomic detail inside cells.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational; Polyribosomes; Protein Biosynthesis; Ribosomal Proteins; Ribosomes
PubMed: 36171285
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05255-2 -
BMJ Open Aug 2022and (genital mycoplasmas) commonly colonise the urogenital tract in pregnant women. This systematic review aims to investigate their role in adverse pregnancy and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
and (genital mycoplasmas) commonly colonise the urogenital tract in pregnant women. This systematic review aims to investigate their role in adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, alone or in combination with bacterial vaginosis (BV).
METHODS
We searched Embase, Medline and CINAHL databases from January 1971 to February 2021. Eligible studies tested for any of the three genital mycoplasmas during pregnancy and reported on the primary outcome, preterm birth (PTB) and/or secondary outcomes low birth weight (LBW), premature rupture of membranes (PROM), spontaneous abortion (SA) and/or perinatal or neonatal death (PND).Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, read potentially eligible full texts and extracted data. Two reviewers independently assessed risks of bias using published checklists. Random effects meta-analysis was used to estimate summary ORs (with 95% CIs and prediction intervals). Multivariable and stratified analyses were synthesised descriptively.
RESULTS
Of 57/1194 included studies, 39 were from high-income countries. In meta-analysis of unadjusted ORs, was associated with PTB (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.49 to 2.34), PROM, LBW and PND but not SA. was associated with PTB (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.34 to 2.55), PROM, LBW, SA and PND. was associated with PTB (1.60, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.30), PROM and SA. Nine of 57 studies reported any multivariable analysis. In two studies, analyses stratified by BV status showed that and were more strongly associated with PTB in the presence than in the absence of BV. The most frequent source of bias was a failure to control for confounding.
CONCLUSIONS
The currently available literature does not allow conclusions about the role of mycoplasmas in adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, alone or with coexisting BV. Future studies that consider genital mycoplasmas in the context of the vaginal microbiome are needed.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42016050962.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma hominis; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Premature Birth; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma urealyticum; Vaginosis, Bacterial
PubMed: 36028274
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062990