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Blood Reviews May 2022Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) comprises a heterogeneous group of aggressive blood malignancies that arise from clonal expansion of malignant hematopoietic precursor cells... (Review)
Review
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) comprises a heterogeneous group of aggressive blood malignancies that arise from clonal expansion of malignant hematopoietic precursor cells in the bone marrow. Neurologic manifestations of these malignancies are manifolds. AML is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults and this review describes the neurologic complications in this age group. Neurologic symptoms and signs may develop in AML either from a direct neoplastic involvement of the central or the peripheral nervous system or as an indirect effect of the disease process. Direct involvement of the nervous system includes invasion of the central or the peripheral nervous system (parenchymal and leptomeningeal dissemination, myeloid sarcoma, neuroleukemiosis). Thrombotic and hemorrhagic events are common manifestations of indirect involvement of the nervous system and they are the outcome of hyperleukocytosis, thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy. Many neurologic complications are iatrogenic and include diverse categories such as lumbar puncture and intrathecal or systemic chemotherapy and targeted therapies, radiotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Most neurologic manifestations require urgent treatment and confer a poor prognosis. This review describes the neurologic complications of acute myeloid malignancies in the era of contemporary treatment. Those manifestations require expert consideration of their origin as they are being identified with increasing frequency as patients survive longer.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Bone Marrow; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Sarcoma, Myeloid
PubMed: 34836656
DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100910 -
Haematologica Apr 2023
Topics: Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
PubMed: 36005564
DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2022.281742 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Aug 2020
Topics: Duodenum; Endoscopy, Digestive System; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Male; Middle Aged; Sarcoma, Myeloid; Stomach
PubMed: 32846064
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm2001235 -
Blood Apr 2020
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Placenta; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic; Sarcoma, Myeloid
PubMed: 32298443
DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020004975 -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Dec 2023The goal of a disease classification system is (or should be) to provide a tool for researchers and clinicians to study and treat the disease. The last decade has seen a... (Review)
Review
The goal of a disease classification system is (or should be) to provide a tool for researchers and clinicians to study and treat the disease. The last decade has seen a markedly improved understanding of the pathophysiology of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the development of new methods to measure the disease, and approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of at least ten new therapies targeted to its treatment. In response, in 2022 one updated and one new AML classification system were published. In the same year, the European LeukemiaNet updated their recommendations about how to incorporate the advances in diagnosis and treatment into the risk stratification of AML and its treatment. The following discussion summarizes the highlights of these changes and offers an opinion of how well these changes meet the goal of aiding researchers and clinicians in the study and treatment of AML.
Topics: United States; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; World Health Organization
PubMed: 38092471
DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2023.101518 -
Critical Reviews in Oncology/hematology Jun 2024Disease classification of complex and heterogenous diseases, such as acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), is continuously updated to define diagnoses, appropriate treatments,... (Review)
Review
Disease classification of complex and heterogenous diseases, such as acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), is continuously updated to define diagnoses, appropriate treatments, and assist research and education. Recent availability of molecular profiling techniques further benefits the classification of AML. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of haematolymphoid tumours and the International Consensus Classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukaemia from 2022 are two updated versions of the WHO 2016 classification. As a consequence, the European LeukemiaNet 2022 recommendations on the diagnosis and management of AML in adults have been also updated. The current review provides a practical interpretation of these guidelines to facilitate the diagnosis of AML and discusses genetic testing, disease genetic heterogeneity, and FLT3 mutations. We propose a practical algorithm for the speedy diagnosis of AML. Future classifications may need to incorporate gene mutation combinations to enable personalised treatment regimens in the management of patients with AML.
Topics: Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Algorithms; Mutation; World Health Organization; fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3
PubMed: 38615870
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104358 -
Acta Medica Academica Apr 2021Here we describe the major genetic and genomic aberrations found in myeloid malignancies and how those markers are used in patients' diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted... (Review)
Review
Here we describe the major genetic and genomic aberrations found in myeloid malignancies and how those markers are used in patients' diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted treatment. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, cytogenetic and molecular diagnostics for myeloid malignancies have been established and continually improved since 2005. We report the current state of available diagnostic tools for myeloid malignancies in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Myeloid malignancies are a heterogeneous group of clonal blood diseases characterized by defects in hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid progenitors that lead to abnormal proliferation, differentiation, localization, and self-renewal. Most common myeloid malignancies include myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Molecular diagnostics of myeloid malignancies have significantly expanded in the last decade with new genetic and genomic markers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. CONCLUSION: In the last decade, several new genomic markers important for patient diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy have been discovered that need to be implemented in routine molecular diagnostics not only in developed nations but also in developing nations such as Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Topics: Bosnia and Herzegovina; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Myelodysplastic Syndromes; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Prognosis
PubMed: 34075772
DOI: 10.5644/ama2006-124.334 -
Haematologica May 2021
Topics: Animals; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Mice; T-Lymphocytes; Vaccines
PubMed: 33538155
DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.277103 -
Cytopathology : Official Journal of the... Nov 2023Precise subclassification of myeloid malignancies per the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system and the International Consensus Classification of Myeloid... (Review)
Review
Precise subclassification of myeloid malignancies per the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system and the International Consensus Classification of Myeloid Neoplasms and Acute Leukaemias (ICC) requires investigation and documentation of the presence of cytogenetic and/or molecular genetic changes. These ancillary studies not only help in diagnosis, but also the prognosis of disease; however, they take time to be completed. In contrast, morphological evaluation of material from the blood and bone marrow specimens of cases where myeloid malignancies are suspected is usually completed quickly. Cytomorphological assessment may predict genetic changes and can be helpful in triaging acuity. This is especially true in haematological emergencies such as acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), where prompt APL-specific therapy can be life changing. Similarly, some morphological clues may help identify core binding factor leukaemias where a diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) could be rendered without reaching the 20% blast cutoff with immediate treatment-decision implications, or even a subset of cases of AML with FLT3 ITD/NPM1 mutation(s) which show characteristic features. Even though FISH/cytogenetics and/or PCR are still required for establishing the final diagnosis, evaluation for the presence of specific cytomorphological features that help predict genetic changes can be a useful tool to help guide early therapy.
Topics: Humans; Nucleophosmin; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Cytogenetic Analysis; Mutation
PubMed: 37522274
DOI: 10.1111/cyt.13280 -
Cells Dec 2019Human CD157/BST-1 and CD38 are dual receptor-enzymes derived by gene duplication that belong to the ADP ribosyl cyclase gene family. First identified over 30 years ago... (Review)
Review
Human CD157/BST-1 and CD38 are dual receptor-enzymes derived by gene duplication that belong to the ADP ribosyl cyclase gene family. First identified over 30 years ago as Mo5 myeloid differentiation antigen and 10 years later as Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Antigen 1 (BST-1), CD157 proved not to be restricted to the myeloid compartment and to have a diversified functional repertoire ranging from immunity to cancer and metabolism. Despite being a NAD-metabolizing ectoenzyme anchored to the cell surface through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol moiety, the functional significance of human CD157 as an enzyme remains unclear, while its receptor role emerged from its discovery and has been clearly delineated with the identification of its high affinity binding to fibronectin. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the immunoregulatory functions of human CD157/BST-1 in physiological and pathological conditions. We then focus on CD157 expression in hematological tumors highlighting its emerging role in the interaction between acute myeloid leukemia and extracellular matrix proteins and its potential utility for monoclonal antibody targeted therapy in this disease.
Topics: ADP-ribosyl Cyclase; Adaptive Immunity; Antigens, CD; Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological; Biomarkers, Tumor; Disease Susceptibility; Enzyme Activation; GPI-Linked Proteins; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Models, Molecular; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Myeloid Cells; Protein Conformation; Structure-Activity Relationship; Substrate Specificity; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 31817547
DOI: 10.3390/cells8121580