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International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022Skeletal muscle is formed by multinucleated myofibers originated by waves of hyperplasia and hypertrophy during myogenesis. Tissue damage triggers a regeneration process...
Skeletal muscle is formed by multinucleated myofibers originated by waves of hyperplasia and hypertrophy during myogenesis. Tissue damage triggers a regeneration process including new myogenesis and muscular remodeling. During myogenesis, the fusion of myoblasts is a key step that requires different genes' expression, including the fusogens and . The present work aimed to characterize these proteins in gilthead sea bream and their possible role in in vitro myogenesis, at different fish ages and during muscle regeneration after induced tissue injury. Myomaker is a transmembrane protein highly conserved among vertebrates, whereas Myomixer is a micropeptide that is moderately conserved. expression is restricted to skeletal muscle, while the expression of is more ubiquitous. In primary myocytes culture, and expression peaked at day 6 and day 8, respectively. During regeneration, the expression of both fusogens and all the myogenic regulatory factors showed a peak after 16 days post-injury. Moreover, and were present at different ages, but in fingerlings there were significantly higher transcript levels than in juveniles or adult fish. Overall, Myomaker and Myomixer are valuable markers of muscle growth that together with other regulatory molecules can provide a deeper understanding of myogenesis regulation in fish.
Topics: Animals; Sea Bream; Muscle Proteins; Muscle Development; Myoblasts; Muscle, Skeletal; Micropeptides
PubMed: 36498967
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314639 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology Aug 2020In Drosophila the first wave of myogenesis occurs in the embryo to produce the larval muscles. This musculature undergoes histolysis and largely disappears during... (Review)
Review
In Drosophila the first wave of myogenesis occurs in the embryo to produce the larval muscles. This musculature undergoes histolysis and largely disappears during metamorphosis, while a second wave of myogenesis begins to generate the muscles of the adult fly. The core myogenic program is highly conserved among both invertebrate and vertebrate species, and Drosophila embryogenic myogenesis is a well-recognized model for identifying genes and pathways governing muscle development. The more diverse and complex adult musculature is also an attractive model to study some aspects of the myogenic process. The more intense research effort focusing on adult myogenesis since early this century has added greatly to our knowledge. We review here what we know about the development of adult muscles, from the specification and diversification of the adult muscle precursors to their final differentiation. The formation of a functional contractile unit requires integrating multiple tissue interactions. We therefore also describe how muscle cells interrelate with the tendons and the nervous and tracheal systems in the course of development.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Drosophila; Metamorphosis, Biological; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 32144008
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.009 -
Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases 2021The resident stem cell for skeletal muscle is the satellite cell. On the 50th anniversary of its discovery in 1961, we described the history of skeletal muscle research... (Review)
Review
The resident stem cell for skeletal muscle is the satellite cell. On the 50th anniversary of its discovery in 1961, we described the history of skeletal muscle research and the seminal findings made during the first 20 years in the life of the satellite cell (Scharner and Zammit 2011, doi: 10.1186/2044-5040-1-28). These studies established the satellite cell as the source of myoblasts for growth and regeneration of skeletal muscle. Now on the 60th anniversary, we highlight breakthroughs in the second phase of satellite cell research from 1980 to 2000. These include technical innovations such as isolation of primary satellite cells and viable muscle fibres complete with satellite cells in their niche, together with generation of many useful reagents including genetically modified organisms and antibodies still in use today. New methodologies were combined with description of endogenous satellite cells markers, notably Pax7. Discovery of the muscle regulatory factors Myf5, MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4 in the late 1980s revolutionized understanding of the control of both developmental and regerenative myogenesis. Emergence of genetic lineage markers facilitated identification of satellite cells in situ, and also empowered transplantation studies to examine satellite cell function. Finally, satellite cell heterogeneity and the supportive role of non-satellite cell types in muscle regeneration were described. These major advances in methodology and in understanding satellite cell biology provided further foundations for the dramatic escalation of work on muscle stem cells in the 21st century.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Mice; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; Myogenic Regulatory Factors; Myogenin; PAX7 Transcription Factor; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle
PubMed: 34459412
DOI: 10.3233/JND-210705 -
Cells Apr 2022MyoD, Myf5, myogenin, and MRF4 (also known as Myf6 or herculin) are myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs). MRFs are regarded as master transcription factors that are... (Review)
Review
MyoD, Myf5, myogenin, and MRF4 (also known as Myf6 or herculin) are myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs). MRFs are regarded as master transcription factors that are upregulated during myogenesis and influence stem cells to differentiate into myogenic lineage cells. In this review, we summarize MRFs, their regulatory factors, such as TLE3, NF-κB, and MRF target genes, including non-myogenic genes such as taste receptors. Understanding the function of MRFs and the physiology or pathology of satellite cells will contribute to the development of cell therapy and drug discovery for muscle-related diseases.
Topics: Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; MyoD Protein; Myogenic Regulatory Factors; Stem Cells
PubMed: 35563799
DOI: 10.3390/cells11091493 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023Injury to skeletal muscle through trauma, physical activity, or disease initiates a process called muscle regeneration. When injured myofibers undergo necrosis, muscle... (Review)
Review
Injury to skeletal muscle through trauma, physical activity, or disease initiates a process called muscle regeneration. When injured myofibers undergo necrosis, muscle regeneration gives rise to myofibers that have myonuclei in a central position, which contrasts the normal, peripheral position of myonuclei. Myofibers with central myonuclei are called regenerating myofibers and are the hallmark feature of muscle regeneration. An important and underappreciated aspect of muscle regeneration is the maturation of regenerating myofibers into a normal sized myofiber with peripheral myonuclei. Strikingly, very little is known about processes that govern regenerating myofiber maturation after muscle injury. As knowledge of myofiber formation and maturation during embryonic, fetal, and postnatal development has served as a foundation for understanding muscle regeneration, this narrative review discusses similarities and differences in myofiber maturation during muscle development and regeneration. Specifically, we compare and contrast myonuclear positioning, myonuclear accretion, myofiber hypertrophy, and myofiber morphology during muscle development and regeneration. We also discuss regenerating myofibers in the context of different types of myofiber necrosis (complete and segmental) after muscle trauma and injurious contractions. The overall goal of the review is to provide a framework for identifying cellular and molecular processes of myofiber maturation that are unique to muscle regeneration.
Topics: Humans; Muscle, Skeletal; Exercise; Hypertrophy; Muscle Development; Necrosis
PubMed: 37628725
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612545 -
Cells Sep 2019Myogenesis is a complex biological process, and understanding the regulatory network of skeletal myogenesis will contribute to the treatment of human muscle related... (Review)
Review
Myogenesis is a complex biological process, and understanding the regulatory network of skeletal myogenesis will contribute to the treatment of human muscle related diseases and improvement of agricultural animal meat production. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve as regulators in gene expression networks, and participate in various biological processes. Recent studies have identified functional lncRNAs involved in skeletal muscle development and disease. These lncRNAs regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and fusion of myoblasts through multiple mechanisms, such as chromatin modification, transcription regulation, and microRNA sponge activity. In this review, we presented the latest advances regarding the functions and regulatory activities of lncRNAs involved in muscle development, muscle disease, and meat production. Moreover, challenges and future perspectives related to the identification of functional lncRNAs were also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Meat Products; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Diseases; RNA, Long Noncoding
PubMed: 31546877
DOI: 10.3390/cells8091107 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Sep 2023Cordycepin (with a molecular formula of CHNO), a natural adenosine isolated from Cordyceps militaris, has an important regulatory effect on skeletal muscle remodelling...
Cordycepin (with a molecular formula of CHNO), a natural adenosine isolated from Cordyceps militaris, has an important regulatory effect on skeletal muscle remodelling and quality maintenance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cordycepin on myoblast differentiation and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of this effect. Our results showed that cordycepin inhibited myogenesis by downregulating myogenic differentiation (MyoD) and myogenin (MyoG), preserved undifferentiated reserve cell pools by upregulating myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) and retinoblastoma-like protein p130 (p130), and enhanced energy reserves by decreasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhancing mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial mass, and ATP content. The effect of cordycepin on myogenesis was associated with increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2). PD98059 (a specific inhibitor of p-ERK1/2) attenuated the inhibitory effect of cordycepin on C2C12 differentiation. The present study reveals that cordycepin inhibits myogenesis through ERK1/2 MAPK signalling activation accompanied by an increase in skeletal muscle energy reserves and improving skeletal muscle oxidative stress, which may have implications for its further application for the prevention and treatment of degenerative muscle diseases caused by the depletion of depleted muscle stem cells.
Topics: MAP Kinase Signaling System; Cell Differentiation; Deoxyadenosines; Muscle Development
PubMed: 37453196
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115163 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2023Skeletal muscle is a highly ordered tissue composed of a complex network of a diverse variety of cells. The dynamic spatial and temporal interaction between these cells...
Skeletal muscle is a highly ordered tissue composed of a complex network of a diverse variety of cells. The dynamic spatial and temporal interaction between these cells during homeostasis and during times of injury gives the skeletal muscle its regenerative capacity. In order to properly understand the process of regeneration, a three-dimensional (3-D) imaging process must be conducted. While there have been several protocols studying 3-D imaging, it has primarily been focused on the nervous system. This protocol aims to outline the workflow for rendering a 3-D image of the skeletal muscle using spatial data from confocal microscope images. This protocol uses the ImageJ, Ilastik, and Imaris software for 3-D rendering and computational image analysis as both are relatively easy to use and have powerful segmentation capabilities.
Topics: Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle; Muscle, Skeletal; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Muscle Development; Cell Differentiation
PubMed: 36995614
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3036-5_32 -
Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters Feb 2021miRNAs are well known to be gene repressors. A newly identified class of miRNAs termed nuclear activating miRNAs (NamiRNAs), transcribed from miRNA loci that exhibit... (Review)
Review
miRNAs are well known to be gene repressors. A newly identified class of miRNAs termed nuclear activating miRNAs (NamiRNAs), transcribed from miRNA loci that exhibit enhancer features, promote gene expression via binding to the promoter and enhancer marker regions of the target genes. Meanwhile, activated enhancers produce endogenous non-coding RNAs (named enhancer RNAs, eRNAs) to activate gene expression. During chromatin looping, transcribed eRNAs interact with NamiRNAs through enhancer-promoter interaction to perform similar functions. Here, we review the functional differences and similarities between eRNAs and NamiRNAs in myogenesis and disease. We also propose models demonstrating their mutual mechanism and function. We conclude that eRNAs are active molecules, transcriptional regulators, and partners of NamiRNAs, rather than mere RNAs produced during enhancer activation.
Topics: Animals; Cell Nucleus; Enhancer Elements, Genetic; Humans; MicroRNAs; Muscle Development; Trans-Activators; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 33568070
DOI: 10.1186/s11658-021-00248-x -
Acta Physiologica (Oxford, England) Feb 2020The multistep biological process of myogenesis is regulated by a variety of myoblast regulators, such as myogenic differentiation antigen, myogenin, myogenic regulatory... (Review)
Review
The multistep biological process of myogenesis is regulated by a variety of myoblast regulators, such as myogenic differentiation antigen, myogenin, myogenic regulatory factor, myocyte enhancer factor2A-D and myosin heavy chain. Proliferation and differentiation during skeletal muscle myogenesis contribute to the physiological function of muscles. Certain non-coding RNAs, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are involved in the regulation of muscle development, and the aberrant expressions of lncRNAs and circRNAs are associated with muscular diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent advances concerning the roles of lncRNAs and circRNAs in regulating the developmental aspects of myogenesis. These findings have remarkably broadened our understanding of the gene regulation mechanisms governing muscle proliferation and differentiation, which makes it more feasible to design novel preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for muscle disorders.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Muscle Development; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Diseases; RNA, Circular; RNA, Long Noncoding
PubMed: 31365949
DOI: 10.1111/apha.13356