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Journal of Bone and Mineral Research :... Feb 2022Considerable amount of research has been focused on dentin mineralization, odontoblast differentiation, and their application in dental tissue engineering. However, very...
Considerable amount of research has been focused on dentin mineralization, odontoblast differentiation, and their application in dental tissue engineering. However, very little is known about the differential role of functionally and spatially distinct types of dental epithelium during odontoblast development. Here we show morphological and functional differences in dentin located in the crown and roots of mouse molar and analogous parts of continuously growing incisors. Using a reporter (DSPP-cerulean/DMP1-cherry) mouse strain and mice with ectopic enamel (Spry2 ;Spry4 ), we show that the different microstructure of dentin is initiated in the very beginning of dentin matrix production and is maintained throughout the whole duration of dentin growth. This phenomenon is regulated by the different inductive role of the adjacent epithelium. Thus, based on the type of interacting epithelium, we introduce more generalized terms for two distinct types of dentins: cementum versus enamel-facing dentin. In the odontoblasts, which produce enamel-facing dentin, we identified uniquely expressed genes (Dkk1, Wisp1, and Sall1) that were either absent or downregulated in odontoblasts, which form cementum-facing dentin. This suggests the potential role of Wnt signalling on the dentin structure patterning. Finally, we show the distribution of calcium and magnesium composition in the two developmentally different types of dentins by utilizing spatial element composition analysis (LIBS). Therefore, variations in dentin inner structure and element composition are the outcome of different developmental history initiated from the very beginning of tooth development. Taken together, our results elucidate the different effects of dental epithelium, during crown and root formation on adjacent odontoblasts and the possible role of Wnt signalling which together results in formation of dentin of different quality. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Dentin; Epithelium; Extracellular Matrix Proteins; Incisor; Mice; Odontoblasts; Odontogenesis
PubMed: 34783080
DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4471 -
Archives of Oral Biology Apr 2022The aims of the study were to evaluate the roles of odontoblast apoptosis in the progression of tubular sclerosis of teeth from donors at different ages and assess its...
OBJECTIVES
The aims of the study were to evaluate the roles of odontoblast apoptosis in the progression of tubular sclerosis of teeth from donors at different ages and assess its correlation to chemical composition and mechanical properties.
DESIGN
Healthy human teeth were obtained and divided into young (age ≤ 25, n = 12) and old (age ≥ 60, n = 12) groups. Odontoblasts were counted with standard hematoxylin and eosin staining. Odontoblast apoptosis within dentinal tubules was determined by cleaved caspase-3 immunostaining. Teeth in each group were evaluated by dynamic nanoindentation and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).
RESULTS
The number of odontoblasts decreased significantly with age. The most prominent change occurred in the apical third of roots. Odontoblastic apoptosis was visualized within dentinal tubules. The apoptosis staining fraction was significantly higher in the outer and inner dentin of old teeth when compared with young teeth (p < 0.05). EDS showed increased calcium content in peritubular dentin but a decrease in the intertubular dentin with increasing age. Scanning based nanoindentation showed that the old intertubular dentin exhibited a significantly higher elastic modulus.
CONCLUSIONS
Odontoblast apoptosis, starting at the cell extension in dentinal tubules and proceeding from outer to inner dentin, contributes to the stoichiometric Ca/P ratio in peritubular dentin, which is potentially responsible for intratubular mineralization due to an imbalance of calcium and phosphorous ions.
Topics: Aging; Apoptosis; Dentin; Dentin, Secondary; Humans; Odontoblasts
PubMed: 35183920
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105371 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Jul 2021The dental pulp is a soft connective tissue of ectomesenchymal origin that harbors distinct cell populations, capable of interacting with each other to maintain the... (Review)
Review
The dental pulp is a soft connective tissue of ectomesenchymal origin that harbors distinct cell populations, capable of interacting with each other to maintain the vitality of the tooth. After tooth injuries, a sequence of complex biological events takes place in the pulpal tissue to restore its homeostasis. The pulpal response begins with establishing an inflammatory reaction that leads to the formation of a matrix of reactionary or reparative dentin, according to the nature of the exogenous stimuli. Using several in vivo designs, antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), are identified in the pulpal tissue before tertiary dentin deposition under the afflicted area. However, the precise nature of this phenomenon and its relationship to inherent pulp cells are not yet clarified. This literature review aims to discuss the role of pulpal DCs and their relationship to progenitor/stem cells, odontoblasts or odontoblast-like cells, and other immunocompetent cells during physiological and pathological dentinogenesis. The concept of "dentin-pulp immunology" is proposed for understanding the crosstalk among these cell types after tooth injuries, and the possibility of immune-based therapies is introduced to accelerate pulpal healing after exogenous stimuli.
PubMed: 34362130
DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153348 -
Journal of Morphology Jan 2023Gastropoda is morphologically highly variable and broadly distributed group of mollusks. Due to the high morphological and functional diversity of the feeding apparatus... (Review)
Review
Gastropoda is morphologically highly variable and broadly distributed group of mollusks. Due to the high morphological and functional diversity of the feeding apparatus gastropods follow a broad range of feeding strategies: from detritivory to highly specialized predation. The feeding apparatus includes the buccal armaments: jaw(s) and radula. The radula comprises a chitinous ribbon with teeth arranged in transverse and longitudinal rows. A unique characteristic of the radula is its continuous renewal during the entire life of a mollusk. The teeth and the membrane are continuously synthesized in the blind end of the radular sac and are shifted forward to the working zone, while the teeth harden and are mineralized on the way. Despite the similarity of the general mechanism of the radula formation in gastropods, some phylogenetically determined features can be identified in different phylogenetic lineages. These mainly concern shape, size, and number of the odontoblasts forming a single tooth. The radular morphology depends on the shape of the formation zone and the morphology of the subradular epithelium. The radula first appears at the pre- and posttorsional veliger stages as an invagination of the buccal epithelium of the larval anterior gut. The larval radular sac is lined with uniform undifferentiated cells. Each major phylogenetic lineage is characterized by a specific larval radula type. Thus, the docoglossan radula of Patellogastropoda is characterized by initially three and then five teeth in a transverse row. The larval rhipidoglossan radula has seven teeth in a row with differentiation into central, lateral, and marginal teeth and later is transformed into the adult radula morphology by the addition of lateral and especially marginal teeth. The taenioglossan radula of Caenogastropoda is nearly immediately formed in adult configuration with seven teeth in a row.
Topics: Animals; Gastropoda; Phylogeny; Tooth; Odontoblasts; Epithelium
PubMed: 36426387
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21538 -
Journal of Oral Science 2020Dental pulp is densely innervated by sensory afferents that are primarily involved in nociception. Elucidating the type and properties of these afferents and their... (Review)
Review
Dental pulp is densely innervated by sensory afferents that are primarily involved in nociception. Elucidating the type and properties of these afferents and their distribution patterns within the dental pulp is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of acute dental pain and dental hypersensitivity. Recent studies on the release of the transmitter glutamate and the expression of glutamate receptors and vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT) in the pulpal axons and trigeminal ganglion (TG) have suggested the possibility of a distinct glutamate signaling mechanism underlying the peripheral processing of dental pain. This review discusses recent findings on the innervation of dental pulp and glutamate signaling by pulpal axons. First, recent findings on the morphological features and types of axons innervating the dental pulp are summarized. Then, glutamate signaling in the dental pulp and changes in the expression of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in the pulpal axons and TG neurons following pulpal inflammation are explained. Finally, findings on glutamate release from odontoblasts are briefly described.
Topics: Animals; Dental Pulp; Odontoblasts; Pain; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Trigeminal Ganglion
PubMed: 32224566
DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.19-0451 -
Dental Materials : Official Publication... Feb 2020The purpose of this review is to describe recent developments in pulp tissue engineering using scaffolds and/or stem cells. It is crucial to understand how this approach... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this review is to describe recent developments in pulp tissue engineering using scaffolds and/or stem cells. It is crucial to understand how this approach can revitalize damaged dentin-pulp tissue. Widespread scaffold materials, both natural and synthetic, and their fabrication methods, and stem-progenitor cells with the potential of pulp regeneration will be discussed.
DATA AND SOURCES
A review of literature was conducted through online databases, including MEDLINE by using the PubMed search engine, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library.
STUDY SELECTION
Studies were selected based on relevance, with a preference given to recent research, particularly from the past decade.
CONCLUSIONS
The use of biomaterial scaffolds and stem cells can be safe and potent for the regeneration of pulp tissue and re-establishment of tooth vitality. Natural and synthetic polymers have distinct advantages and limitations and in vitro and in vivo testing have produced positive results for cell attachment, proliferation, and angiogenesis. The type of biomaterial used for scaffold fabrication also facilitates stem cell differentiation into odontoblasts and the resulting biochemistry of tissue repair for each polymer and cell type was discussed. Multiple methods of scaffold design exist for pulp tissue engineering, which demonstrates the variability in tissue engineering applications in endodontics. This review explains the potential of evidence-based tissue engineering strategies and outcomes in pulp regeneration.
Topics: Dental Pulp; Odontoblasts; Polymers; Regeneration; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 31791734
DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.11.005 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Aug 2022WW domain-containing E3 Ubiquitin-protein ligase 2 (WWP2) has been found to positively regulate odontoblastic differentiation by monoubiquitinating the transcription...
WW domain-containing E3 Ubiquitin-protein ligase 2 (WWP2) has been found to positively regulate odontoblastic differentiation by monoubiquitinating the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) in a cell culture system. However, the in vivo role of WWP2 in mouse teeth remains unknown. To explore this, here we generated Wwp2 knockout (Wwp2 KO) mice. We found that molars in Wwp2 KO mice exhibited thinner dentin, widened predentin, and reduced numbers of dentinal tubules. In addition, expression of the odontoblast differentiation markers Dspp and Dmp1 was decreased in the odontoblast layers of Wwp2 KO mice. These findings demonstrate that WWP2 may facilitate odontoblast differentiation and dentinogenesis. Furthermore, we show for the first time that phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a tumor suppressor, is expressed in dental papilla cells and odontoblasts of mouse molars and acts as a negative regulator of odontoblastic differentiation. Further investigation indicated that PTEN is targeted by WWP2 for degradation during odontoblastic differentiation. We demonstrate PTEN physically interacts with and inhibits the transcriptional activity of KLF5 on Dspp and Dmp1. Finally, we found WWP2 was able to suppress the interaction between PTEN and KLF5, which diminished the inhibition effect of PTEN on KLF5. Taken together, this study confirms the essential role of WWP2 and the WWP2-PTEN-KLF5 signaling axis in odontoblast differentiation and dentinogenesis in vivo.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Dentin; Dentinogenesis; Extracellular Matrix Proteins; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Odontoblasts; PTEN Phosphohydrolase; Phosphoproteins; Sialoglycoproteins; Signal Transduction; Transcription Factors; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
PubMed: 35780838
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102220 -
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental... 2023Dental mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells that can differentiate into multiple lineages including odontoblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes,... (Review)
Review
Dental mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells that can differentiate into multiple lineages including odontoblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, neural cells, myocytes, cardiomyocytes, adipocytes, endothelial cells, melanocytes, and hepatocytes. Odontoblastic differentiation of DMSCs is pivotal in dentinogenesis, a delicate and dynamic process regulated at the molecular level by signaling pathways, transcription factors, and posttranscriptional and epigenetic regulation. Mutations or dysregulation of related genes may contribute to genetic diseases with dentin defects caused by impaired odontoblastic differentiation, including tricho-dento-osseous (TDO) syndrome, X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLH), Raine syndrome (RS), hypophosphatasia (HPP), Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD), and Elsahy-Waters syndrome (EWS). Herein, recent progress in the molecular regulation of the odontoblastic differentiation of DMSCs is summarized. In addition, genetic syndromes associated with disorders of odontoblastic differentiation of DMSCs are discussed. An improved understanding of the molecular regulation and related genetic syndromes may help clinicians better understand the etiology and pathogenesis of dentin lesions in systematic diseases and identify novel treatment targets.
PubMed: 37818127
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1174579 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Sep 2022Cell cultures can provide useful in vitro models. Since odontoblasts are postmitotic cells, they cannot be expanded in cell cultures. Due to their extension into the... (Review)
Review
Cell cultures can provide useful in vitro models. Since odontoblasts are postmitotic cells, they cannot be expanded in cell cultures. Due to their extension into the dentin, injuries are inevitable during isolation. Therefore, "odontoblast-like" cell culture models have been established. Nowadays, there is no accepted definition of odontoblast-like cell cultures, i.e., isolation, induction, and characterization of cells are not standardized. Furthermore, no quality-control procedures are defined yet. Thus, the aim of this review was to evaluate both the methods used for establishment of cell cultures and the validity of molecular methods used for their characterization. An electronic search was performed in February 2022 using the Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science database identifying publications that used human primary odontoblast-like cell cultures as models and were published between 2016 and 2022. Data related to (I) cell culture conditions, (II) stem cell screening, (III) induction media, (IV) mineralization, and (V) cell characterization were analyzed. The included publications were not able to confirm an odontoblast-like nature of their cell cultures. For their characterization, not only a similarity to dentin but also a distinction from bone must be demonstrated. This is challenging, due to the developmental and evolutionary proximity of these two tissue types.
PubMed: 36142943
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11185296 -
Life Sciences Jun 2024Caries and pulpitis remain a major global disease burden and affect the quality of life of patients. Odontoblasts are key players in the progression of caries and... (Review)
Review
Caries and pulpitis remain a major global disease burden and affect the quality of life of patients. Odontoblasts are key players in the progression of caries and pulpitis, not only secreting and mineralizing to form dentin, but also acting as a wall of defense to initiate immune defenses. Mitochondrion is an information processor for numerous cellular activities, and dysregulation of mitochondrion homeostasis not only affects cellular metabolism but also triggers a wide range of diseases. Elucidating mitochondrial homeostasis in odontoblasts can help deepen scholars' understanding of odontoblast-associated diseases. Articles on mitochondrial homeostasis in odontoblasts were evaluated for information pertinent to include in this narrative review. This narrative review focused on understanding the complex interplay between mitochondrial homeostasis in odontoblasts under physiological and pathological conditions. Furthermore, mitochondria-centered therapeutic strategies (including mitochondrial base editing, targeting platforms, and mitochondrial transplantation) were emphasized by resolving key genes that regulate mitochondrial function. Mitochondria are involved in odontoblast differentiation and function, and act as mitochondrial danger-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs) to mediate odontoblast pathological progression. Novel mitochondria-centered therapeutic strategies are particularly attractive as emerging therapeutic approaches for the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. It is expected to probe key events of odontoblast differentiation and advance the clinical resolution of dentin formation and mineralization disorders and odontoblast-related diseases.
PubMed: 38917871
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122797