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Adipocyte Dec 2022Metabolic disorders related to obesity are largely dependent on adipose tissue hypertrophy, which involves adipocyte hypertrophy and increased adipogenesis. Adiposize is...
Metabolic disorders related to obesity are largely dependent on adipose tissue hypertrophy, which involves adipocyte hypertrophy and increased adipogenesis. Adiposize is regulated by lipid accumulation as a result of increased lipogenesis (mainly lipid uptake in mature adipocytes) and reduced lipolysis. Using realtime 2D cell culture analyses of lipid uptake, we show (1) that high glucose concentration (4.5 g/L) was required to accumulate oleic acid increasing lipid droplet size until unilocularization similar to mature adipocytes in few days, (2) oleic acid reduced ( gene transcription and (3) insulin counteracted oleic acid-induced increase of lipid droplet size. Although the lipolytic activity observed in high low glucose (1 g/L) conditions was not altered, insulin was found to inhibit oleic acid induced gene transcription required for lipid storage such as Cell Death Inducing DFFA Like Effectors (CIDEC) and G0 switch gene S2), possibly through PPARA activity. Although this signalling pathway requires more detailed investigation, the results point out the differential mechanisms involved in the pro-adipogenic effect of insulin in absence its protective effect on adiposity in presence of oleic acid uptake.: AICAR, 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-D-ribofuranoside; AMPK, AMP-Activated protein kinase, ASCs, adipose stem cell; ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase; BSA, Bovine serum albumin; CEBPA, CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha; CIDEs, Cell Death Inducing DFFA Like Effectors; dA, differentiated adipocyte; DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium; FABPs, Fatty Acid Binding Proteins; FAT/CD36, Fatty acid translocase; FCS, Foetal calf serum; FN1, fibronectin 1; FFA, free fatty acid; G0S2, G0 switch gene S2; GLUTs, Glucose transporters; GPR120, G protein-coupled receptor 120; HG, high glucose; HSL, hormone sensitive lipase; INSR, insulin receptor; LG, low glucose; OA, oleic acid; PBS, Phosphate buffer saline; PPARs, Peroxisome-Proliferator Activated Receptors; PKA, Protein kinase cyclic AMP-dependent; PKG, Protein kinase cyclic GMP dependent; PTGS2, cytochrome oxidase 2; RTCA, realtime cell analysis; TG, triglyceride.
Topics: Adipocytes; Fatty Acids; Glucose; Humans; Hypertrophy; Insulin; Lipolysis; Obesity; Oleic Acid; Protein Kinases
PubMed: 35946137
DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2022.2107784 -
The Journal of Nutrition Apr 2020It is unclear whether the favorable effects of walnuts on the gut microbiota are attributable to the fatty acids, including α-linolenic acid (ALA), and/or the bioactive... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Walnuts and Vegetable Oils Containing Oleic Acid Differentially Affect the Gut Microbiota and Associations with Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Follow-up of a Randomized, Controlled, Feeding Trial in Adults at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease.
BACKGROUND
It is unclear whether the favorable effects of walnuts on the gut microbiota are attributable to the fatty acids, including α-linolenic acid (ALA), and/or the bioactive compounds and fiber.
OBJECTIVE
This study examined between-diet gut bacterial differences in individuals at increased cardiovascular risk following diets that replace SFAs with walnuts or vegetable oils.
METHODS
Forty-two adults at cardiovascular risk were included in a randomized, crossover, controlled-feeding trial that provided a 2-wk standard Western diet (SWD) run-in and three 6-wk isocaloric study diets: a diet containing whole walnuts (WD; 57-99 g/d walnuts; 2.7% ALA), a fatty acid-matched diet devoid of walnuts (walnut fatty acid-matched diet; WFMD; 2.6% ALA), and a diet replacing ALA with oleic acid without walnuts (oleic acid replaces ALA diet; ORAD; 0.4% ALA). Fecal samples were collected following the run-in and study diets to assess gut microbiota with 16S rRNA sequencing and Qiime2 for amplicon sequence variant picking.
RESULTS
Subjects had elevated BMI (30 ± 1 kg/m2), blood pressure (121 ± 2/77 ± 1 mmHg), and LDL cholesterol (120 ± 5 mg/dL). Following the WD, Roseburia [relative abundance (RA) = 4.2%, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) = 4], Eubacterium eligensgroup (RA = 1.4%, LDA = 4), LachnospiraceaeUCG001 (RA = 1.2%, LDA = 3.2), Lachnospiraceae UCG004 (RA = 1.0%, LDA = 3), and Leuconostocaceae (RA = 0.03%, LDA = 2.8) were most abundant relative to taxa in the SWD (P ≤ 0.05 for all). The WD was also enriched in Gordonibacter relative to the WFMD. Roseburia (3.6%, LDA = 4) and Eubacterium eligensgroup (RA = 1.5%, LDA = 3.4) were abundant following the WFMD, and Clostridialesvadin BB60group (RA = 0.3%, LDA = 2) and gutmetagenome (RA = 0.2%, LDA = 2) were most abundant following the ORAD relative to the SWD (P ≤ 0.05 for all). Lachnospiraceae were inversely correlated with blood pressure and lipid/lipoprotein measurements following the WD.
CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate similar enrichment of Roseburia following the WD and WFMD, which could be explained by the fatty acid composition. Gordonibacter enrichment and the inverse association between Lachnospiraceae and cardiovascular risk factors following the WD suggest that the gut microbiota may contribute to the health benefits of walnut consumption in adults at cardiovascular risk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02210767.
Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Over Studies; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Juglans; Male; Middle Aged; Nuts; Oleic Acid; Plant Oils; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31848609
DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz289 -
Scientific Reports May 2022Herein, esterification of oleic acid (OA) over tosylic acid functionalized eucalyptus bark biochar (TsOH-MBC) to synthesize fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was...
Herein, esterification of oleic acid (OA) over tosylic acid functionalized eucalyptus bark biochar (TsOH-MBC) to synthesize fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was investigated. The TsOH-MBC catalyst was prepared via pyrolysis-activation-sulfonation process at various impregnation ratios and was characterized by SEM, FTIR, EDX, XRD, BET, TGA and acid site density techniques. The catalytic performance of the sulfonated biochar catalyst was described in terms of acidity and FAME yield. 6 g of sulfonic acid loaded on 10 g of MBC (6TsOH-MBC) appeared to be most appropriate combination to achieve a highly active catalyst for the esterification of OA with 96.28% conversion to FAME at 80 °C for 5 h with catalyst loading of 4.0 wt% and 8:1 methanol/OA molar ratio. The catalytic reaction kinetic data were very well described by the second-order model, with a rate coefficient of 0.223 mL mol h at 80 °C and activation energy of 81.77 kJ mol. The thermodynamic parameters such as [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were determined to be 78.94 kJ mol, 135.3 J mol K and 33.03 kJ mol, respectively. This research provided an environmentally friendly procedure for FAME production that could be replicated on a commercial scale.
Topics: Acids; Biofuels; Catalysis; Charcoal; Esterification; Eucalyptus; Oleic Acid; Plant Bark; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 35606402
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12539-0 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jun 2022Accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) was recently observed in pyometra-affected uteri. As data about their nature and function are missing we intended to compare the...
BACKGROUND
Accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) was recently observed in pyometra-affected uteri. As data about their nature and function are missing we intended to compare the localization, quality and quantity of LDs in canine healthy and pyometra-affected tissues and in an in vitro model.
METHODS AND RESULTS
We characterized LDs in healthy and pyometra uterine tissue samples as well as in canine endometrial epithelial cells (CEECs) in vitro by means of histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, western blot, and RT-qPCR. Oil Red O (ORO) staining and quantification as well as p-phenylenediamine staining showed a higher number of LDs in epithelial cells of pyometra samples. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the amount of LDs coated by perilipin2 (PLIN2) protein was also higher in pyometra samples. Transmission electron microscopy showed an increase of LD size in surface and glandular epithelial cells of pyometra samples. In cell culture experiments with CEECs, supplementation with oleic acid alone or in combination with cholesterol lead to an increased LD accumulation. The expression of PLIN2 at protein and mRNA level was also higher upon oleic acid supplementation. Most LDs were double positive for ORO and PLIN2. However, ORO positive LDs lacking PLIN2 coating or LDs positive for PLIN2 but containing a lipid class not detectable by ORO staining were identified.
CONCLUSIONS
We found differences in the healthy and pyometra-affected endometrium with respect to LDs size. Moreover, several kinds of LDs seem to be present in the canine endometrium. In vitro studies with CEECs could show their responsiveness to external lipids. Since epithelial cells reacted only to oleic acid stimulation, we assume that the cyclic lipid accumulation in the canine endometrium is based mainly on triglycerides and might serve as energy provision for the developing early embryo. Further studies are necessary to verify the complex role of lipids in the healthy and pyometra-affected canine endometrium.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Endometrium; Female; Lipid Droplets; Oleic Acid; Pyometra; Uterus
PubMed: 35689217
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03321-5 -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B Dec 2021Membrane fusion is one of the most important processes for the survival of eukaryotic cells and entry of enveloped viruses to the host cells. Lipid composition plays a...
Membrane fusion is one of the most important processes for the survival of eukaryotic cells and entry of enveloped viruses to the host cells. Lipid composition plays a crucial role in the process by modulating the organization and dynamics of the membrane, as well as the structure and conformation of membrane proteins. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a lipid molecule with intrinsic negative curvature, promotes membrane fusion by stabilizing the non-lamellar intermediate structures in the fusion process. Conversely, oleic acid (OA), with intrinsic positive curvature, inhibits membrane fusion. The current study aimed to investigate polyethylene glycol-mediated lipid mixing, content mixing, content leakage, and depth-dependent membrane organization and dynamics, using arrays of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques, to determine the causative role of PE and OA in membrane fusion. The results demonstrated that the presence of 30 mol % PE in the membrane promotes membrane fusion through a mechanism that circumvents the classical stalk model. On the contrary, membranes containing OA showed reduced rate and extent of fusion, despite following the same mechanism. Collectively, our findings in terms of membrane organization and dynamics indicated a plausible role of PE and OA in membrane fusion.
Topics: Membrane Fusion; Oleic Acid; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Polyethylene Glycols
PubMed: 34839659
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08044 -
Cell Research Mar 2024Although GPR3 plays pivotal roles in both the nervous system and metabolic processes, such as cold-induced thermogenesis, its endogenous ligand remains elusive. Here, by...
Although GPR3 plays pivotal roles in both the nervous system and metabolic processes, such as cold-induced thermogenesis, its endogenous ligand remains elusive. Here, by combining structural approach (including cryo-electron microscopy), mass spectrometry analysis, and functional studies, we identify oleic acid (OA) as an endogenous ligand of GPR3. Our study reveals a hydrophobic tunnel within GPR3 that connects the extracellular side of the receptor to the middle of plasma membrane, enabling fatty acids to readily engage the receptor. Functional studies demonstrate that OA triggers downstream G signaling, whereas lysophospholipids fail to activate the receptor. Moreover, our research reveals that cold stimulation induces the secretion of OA in mice, subsequently activating G/cAMP/PKA signaling in brown adipose tissue. Notably, brown adipose tissues from Gpr3 knockout mice do not respond to OA during cold stimulation, reinforcing the significance of GPR3 in this process. Finally, we propose a "born to be activated and cold to enhance" model for GPR3 activation. Our study provides a starting framework for the understanding of GPR3 signaling in cold-stimulated thermogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Adipose Tissue, Brown; Cell Membrane; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Ligands; Mice, Knockout; Oleic Acid; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
PubMed: 38287117
DOI: 10.1038/s41422-024-00932-5 -
Letters in Applied Microbiology Feb 2023Mangroves create an ecological environment for a diverse assemblage of organisms, including marine and mangrove oomycetes. Halophytophthora spp., in particular, are...
Mangroves create an ecological environment for a diverse assemblage of organisms, including marine and mangrove oomycetes. Halophytophthora spp., in particular, are isolated from fallen senescent mangrove leaves. Studies reported on Philippines oomycetes are mostly on their distribution and taxonomy, while fatty acid studies have not yet been fully explored. Recently, oomycetes were reported as efficient producers of various fatty acids; therefore, bioprospecting efforts are aimed at obtaining more industrially important fatty acid compounds for aquaculture, biodiesel production, and human consumption. In this study, 21 isolated oomycetes, identified as Halophytophthora spp., and two type species of Phytopythium, were grown in a broth medium containing peptone, yeast extract, glucose, and 50% seawater and incubated at room temperature for 3 weeks for fatty acid production and identification. Results revealed the presence of various fatty acids, mainly palmitic acid (C16:0), linoleic acid (C18:2n6c), oleic acid (C18:1n9c), cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid (ETA, C20:3n3), and stearic acid (C18:0), from Halophytophthora and Phytopythium isolates ranging from 2% to 30% total fatty acids. An omega-6 fatty acid, Ƴ-linolenic acid (GLA, C18:3n6), was found in Phytopythium isolates with considerably higher concentrations compared to Halophytophthoras. Further, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid (ETA, C20:3n3), was detected on most oomycete isolates.
Topics: Humans; Fatty Acids; Philippines; Linoleic Acid; Oleic Acid; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Oomycetes
PubMed: 36750174
DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad022 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2021In this paper, we have performed the Lipozyme 435-catalyzed synthesis of xylose oleate in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) from xylose and oleic acid. The effects of...
In this paper, we have performed the Lipozyme 435-catalyzed synthesis of xylose oleate in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) from xylose and oleic acid. The effects of substrates' molar ratios, reaction temperature, reaction time on esterification rates, and Lipozyme 435 reuse were studied. Results showed that an excess of oleic acid (xylose: oleic acid molar ratio of 1:5) significantly favored the reaction, yielding 98% of xylose conversion and 31% oleic acid conversion after 24 h-reaction (mainly to xylose mono- and dioleate, as confirmed by mass spectrometry). The highest Lipozyme 435 activities occurred between 55 and 70 °C. The predicted Ping Pong Bi Bi kinetic model fitted very well to the experimental data and there was no evidence of inhibitions in the range assessed. The reaction product was purified and presented an emulsion capacity close to that of a commercial sugar ester detergent. Finally, the repeated use of Lipozyme 435 showed a reduction in the reaction yields (by 48 and 19% in the xylose and oleic acid conversions, respectively), after ten 12 h-cycles.
Topics: Biocatalysis; Butanones; Esterification; Hot Temperature; Lipase; Oleic Acid; Xylose
PubMed: 34205848
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113317 -
Biochemical and Biophysical Research... May 2023Fatty acids (FAs) play important roles in cell membrane structure maintenance, energy production via β-oxidation, and as extracellular signaling molecules. Prior...
Fatty acids (FAs) play important roles in cell membrane structure maintenance, energy production via β-oxidation, and as extracellular signaling molecules. Prior studies have demonstrated that exposure of cancer cells to FAs affects cell survival, cell proliferation, and cell motility. Oleic acid (OA) has somewhat controversial effects in cancer cells, with both pro- and anti-cancer effects, depending on cell type. Our prior findings suggested that OA enhances cell survival in serum starved HNOA ovarian cancer cells by activating glycolysis, but not β-oxidation. Here, we pharmacologically examined the cellular mechanisms by which OA stimulates glycolysis in HNOA cells. OA induced cell cycle progression, leading to increase in cell number through peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) α activation. OA-induced glycolysis was mediated by increased GLUT expression, and increases in GLUT expression were mediated by increased L-MYC expression. Furthermore, L-MYC expression was due to BRD4 activation. These findings suggested involvement of the BRD4-L-MYC-GLUT axis in OA-stimulated glycolysis. These results suggested that OA could activate PPARα to stimulate two pathways: glycolysis and cell cycle progression, and provided insight into the role of OA in ovarian cancer cell growth.
Topics: Humans; Female; PPAR alpha; Oleic Acid; Nuclear Proteins; Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative; Transcription Factors; Fatty Acids; Cell Proliferation; Ovarian Neoplasms; Cell Cycle Proteins
PubMed: 36965420
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.051 -
Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Directly Affects Sebocytes and Modulates Oleic Acid-Induced Lipogenesis.Toxins Oct 2022Excess sebum (seborrhea) results in oily skin and is associated with large pore size and acne. Studies in healthy, seborrheic volunteers have reported that intradermal...
Excess sebum (seborrhea) results in oily skin and is associated with large pore size and acne. Studies in healthy, seborrheic volunteers have reported that intradermal injection of commercial preparations of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) (onabotulinumtoxinA, abobotulinumtoxinA, and incobotulinumtoxinA) reduced sebum production, and thus, skin oiliness and pore size. The mechanism for these effects has not been fully elucidated; however, several theories involving direct or indirect effects of BoNT/A on neuronal and/or dermal cells (e.g., sebocytes) have been proposed. In the present study, we evaluated the direct effect of native research grade BoNT/A complex, a commercial preparation of BoNT/A (onabotA), and BoNT/A variants on sebocyte lipogenesis using an in vitro sebocyte cell model. We show that picomolar concentrations of BoNT/A (BoNT/A complex: half maximal effective concentration [EC] = 24 pM; BoNT/A 150 kDa: EC = 34 pM) modulate sebocyte lipogenesis and reduce oleic acid-induced sebocyte differentiation, lipogenesis, and holocrine-like secretion. Comparative studies with the binding domain of BoNT/A, which lacks enzymatic activity, show that this effect is independent of the enzymatic activity of BoNT/A and likely occurs via sebocyte cell surface receptors (e.g., fibroblast growth factor receptors). Overall, these results shed light on the potential mechanism of action and rationale for use of BoNT/A for treatment of sebum-related conditions.
Topics: Humans; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Lipogenesis; Oleic Acid; Receptors, Cell Surface; Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor
PubMed: 36287976
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100708