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Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Reviews... Dec 2021Since the identification of the first human oncogenic virus in 1964, viruses have been studied for their potential role in aiding the development of cancer. Through the... (Review)
Review
Since the identification of the first human oncogenic virus in 1964, viruses have been studied for their potential role in aiding the development of cancer. Through the modulation of cellular pathways associated with proliferation, immortalization, and inflammation, viral proteins can mimic the effect of driver mutations and contribute to transformation. Aside from the modulation of signaling pathways, the insertion of viral DNA into the host genome and the deregulation of cellular miRNAs represent two additional mechanisms implicated in viral oncogenesis. In this review, we will discuss the role of twelve different viruses on cancer development and how these viruses utilize the abovementioned mechanisms to influence oncogenesis. The identification of specific mechanisms behind viral transformation of human cells could further elucidate the process behind cancer development.
Topics: Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Humans; Neoplasms; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 34478803
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188622 -
The Journal of Infection Nov 2022
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Oncogenic Viruses; RNA, Viral; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35961462
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.08.005 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024The development of lymphoma is a complex multistep process that integrates numerous experimental findings and clinical data that have not yet yielded a definitive... (Review)
Review
The development of lymphoma is a complex multistep process that integrates numerous experimental findings and clinical data that have not yet yielded a definitive explanation. Studies of oncogenic viruses can help to deepen insight into the pathogenesis of lymphoma, and identifying associations between lymphoma and viruses that are established and unidentified should lead to cellular and pharmacologically targeted antiviral strategies for treating malignant lymphoma. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of lymphomas associated with hepatitis B and C, Epstein-Barr, and human immunodeficiency viruses as well as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus clarify the current status of basic information and recent advances in the development of virus-associated lymphomas.
Topics: Humans; Lymphoma; Oncogenic Viruses; Herpesvirus 8, Human
PubMed: 38482011
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1361009 -
Viruses Jul 2021The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), a representative of the family Polyomaviridae, is widespread in the human population. While the virus does not cause significant clinical... (Review)
Review
The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), a representative of the family Polyomaviridae, is widespread in the human population. While the virus does not cause significant clinical symptoms in immunocompetent individuals, it is activated in cases of immune deficiency, both pharmacological and pathological. Infection with the BKPyV is of particular importance in recipients of kidney transplants or HSC transplantation, in which it can lead to the loss of the transplanted kidney or to haemorrhagic cystitis, respectively. Four main genotypes of the virus are distinguished on the basis of molecular differentiation. The most common genotype worldwide is genotype I, with a frequency of about 80%, followed by genotype IV (about 15%), while genotypes II and III are isolated only sporadically. The distribution of the molecular variants of the virus is associated with the region of origin. BKPyV subtype Ia is most common in Africa, Ib-1 in Southeast Asia, and Ib-2 in Europe, while Ic is the most common variant in Northeast Asia. The development of molecular methods has enabled significant improvement not only in BKPyV diagnostics, but in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment as well. Amplification of viral DNA from urine by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and qPCR Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a non-invasive method that can be used to confirm the presence of the genetic material of the virus and to determine the viral load. Sequencing techniques together with bioinformatics tools and databases can be used to determine variants of the virus, analyse their circulation in populations, identify relationships between them, and investigate the directions of evolution of the virus.
Topics: Animals; BK Virus; DNA, Viral; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Genotype; Immunocompromised Host; Kidney; Kidney Transplantation; Mice; Oncogenic Viruses; Pathology, Molecular; Polyomavirus Infections; Transplant Recipients; Tumor Virus Infections; Viral Load
PubMed: 34452367
DOI: 10.3390/v13081502 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Aug 2023Autophagy serves as a defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens, but several microorganisms exploit it for their own benefit. Accordingly, certain herpesviruses...
Autophagy serves as a defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens, but several microorganisms exploit it for their own benefit. Accordingly, certain herpesviruses include autophagic membranes into their infectious virus particles. In this study, we analyzed the composition of purified virions of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a common oncogenic γ-herpesvirus. In these, we found several components of the autophagy machinery, including membrane-associated LC3B-II, and numerous viral proteins, such as the capsid assembly proteins BVRF2 and BdRF1. Additionally, we showed that BVRF2 and BdRF1 interact with LC3B-II via their common protein domain. Using an EBV mutant, we identified BVRF2 as essential to assemble mature capsids and produce infectious EBV. However, BdRF1 was sufficient for the release of noninfectious viral envelopes as long as autophagy was not compromised. These data suggest that BVRF2 and BdRF1 are not only important for capsid assembly but together with the LC3B conjugation complex of ATG5-ATG12-ATG15L1 are also critical for EBV envelope release.
Topics: Humans; Capsid; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Viral Envelope; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Capsid Proteins
PubMed: 37579175
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211281120 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses
PubMed: 37545499
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1217980 -
Mammalian Genome : Official Journal of... Jun 2022Insights into interactions between viral factors and the cellular machinery usually lead to discoveries concerning host cell biology. Thus, the gene expression field has... (Review)
Review
Insights into interactions between viral factors and the cellular machinery usually lead to discoveries concerning host cell biology. Thus, the gene expression field has historically relied on viral model systems to discover mechanisms underlying different cellular processes. In recent years, the functional characterization of the small nuclear noncoding RNAs expressed by the oncogenic Herpesvirus saimiri, called HSURs, resulted in the discovery of two mechanisms for the regulation of gene expression. HSUR1 and HSUR2 associate with host microRNAs, which are small noncoding RNAs that broadly regulate gene expression by binding to messenger RNAs. HSUR1 provided the first example of a process known as target-directed miRNA degradation that operates in cells to regulate miRNA populations. HSUR2 functions as a miRNA adaptor, uncovering an entirely new, indirect mechanism by which miRNAs can inhibit mRNA function. Here, I review the path that led to these discoveries and their implications and postulate new exciting questions about the functions of these fascinating viral noncoding RNAs.
Topics: Herpesvirus 2, Saimiriine; MicroRNAs; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Untranslated; Viruses
PubMed: 34491378
DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09915-y -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Dec 2023Epstein Barr is the first-in-human oncogenic virus, closely related to numerous lymphoproliferative and malignant diseases, including HL, BL, NPC, and GC. EBV... (Review)
Review
Epstein Barr is the first-in-human oncogenic virus, closely related to numerous lymphoproliferative and malignant diseases, including HL, BL, NPC, and GC. EBV establishes life-long persistence infection portraying a biphasic viral life cycle: latent period and lytic replication. B-cells serve as critical regions for EBV latent genes, wherein viral gene expression is suppressed, promoting viral genome maintenance and immune recognition evasion. Upon its lytic reactivation, viral gene expression induces its replication, progeny production, and transmission. Dysregulations of epigenetic regulation in expressions of TSGs lead to carcinogenesis. Several studies reveal that EBV is associated with aberrant viral DNA and host genome methylation patterns, promoting immune monitoring, recognition evasiveness and host cell persistence. Among other epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation suppresses the majority of viral latent gene promoters, sparing a few, and acts as a prerequisite for activating EBV's lytic cycle, giving rise to viral progeny. It affects the host's epigenome via reprogramming cells to oncogenic, long-lasting phenotypes, as evident in several malignancies. At each phase of its life cycle, EBV exploits cellular mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, implying its unique host-pathogen relationship. This review summarized the DNA methylation's regulatory roles on several EBV-related promoter regions, along with the host genome in pathological conditions, highlights viral genes involved in a latent, lytic and latent-lytic phase of EBV infection. Moreover, it provides diagrammatic insights into methylation-based pathways in EBV.
Topics: Humans; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Epigenesis, Genetic; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; DNA Methylation; Virus Latency
PubMed: 37544529
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166838 -
OncoTargets and Therapy 2020Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Tobacco smoking is the most predominant etiology for lung cancer. However, only a small percentage of... (Review)
Review
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Tobacco smoking is the most predominant etiology for lung cancer. However, only a small percentage of heavy smokers develop lung cancer, which suggests that other cofactors are required for lung carcinogenesis. Viruses have been central to modern cancer research and provide profound insights into cancer causes. Nevertheless, the role of virus in lung cancer is still unclear. In this article, we reviewed the possible oncogenic viruses associated with lung cancer.
PubMed: 33116642
DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S263976 -
Journal of Cellular Physiology Nov 2019Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are herpesviruses associated with human malignancies. As exosomes can shuttle many... (Review)
Review
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are herpesviruses associated with human malignancies. As exosomes can shuttle many herpesvirus-associated biomolecules from host cells to recipient cells, the exosomal pathway is utilized by herpesviruses to achieve extensive infections and even oncogenesis. In this review, we discuss the oncogenic biomolecules present in exosomes derived from KSHV- and EBV-infected cells. Moreover, oncogenesis via exosomal biomolecules mainly occurs through three processes, including regulation of downstream signals, promotion of immune dysfunction and transformation of cells. Also, the exosomes may provide diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets specific for KSHV- and EBV-associated malignancies.
Topics: Carcinogenesis; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Exosomes; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 30941765
DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28573