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Frontiers in Oncology 2024
PubMed: 38660129
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1402877 -
Viruses Dec 2022The two human tumor viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), have been mostly studied in isolation. Recent studies suggest... (Review)
Review
The two human tumor viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), have been mostly studied in isolation. Recent studies suggest that co-infection with both viruses as observed in one of their associated malignancies, namely primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), might also be required for KSHV persistence. In this review, we discuss how EBV and KSHV might support each other for persistence and lymphomagenesis. Moreover, we summarize what is known about their innate and adaptive immune control which both seem to be required to ensure asymptomatic persistent co-infection with these two human tumor viruses. A better understanding of this immune control might allow us to prepare for vaccination against EBV and KSHV in the future.
Topics: Humans; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Coinfection; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; Sarcoma, Kaposi
PubMed: 36560713
DOI: 10.3390/v14122709 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... May 2021Epstein-Barr virus is a ubiquitous oncogenic virus. During the past 5 decades, the virus has been linked to several disease entities, both neoplastic and nonneoplastic.... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT.—
Epstein-Barr virus is a ubiquitous oncogenic virus. During the past 5 decades, the virus has been linked to several disease entities, both neoplastic and nonneoplastic. Several Epstein-Barr virus-associated conditions affect the digestive organs, ranging from mild transient inflammatory conditions to more debilitating and even fatal diseases.
OBJECTIVE.—
To discuss the clinicopathologic aspects of some newly or recently recognized Epstein-Barr virus-related conditions encountered in the digestive system and their therapeutic implications.
DATA SOURCES.—
Published peer-reviewed literature was reviewed.
CONCLUSIONS.—
This article highlights the importance of recognizing the discussed lesions because they influence the direct clinical management or serve as a potential predictive marker for therapy.
Topics: Digestive System Neoplasms; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans
PubMed: 32320275
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0703-RA -
Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the... Jun 2022Cancer is a disease caused by loss of regulatory processes that control the cell cycle, resulting in increased proliferation. The loss of control can deregulate both... (Review)
Review
Cancer is a disease caused by loss of regulatory processes that control the cell cycle, resulting in increased proliferation. The loss of control can deregulate both tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Apart from cell intrinsic gene mutations and environmental factors, infection by cancer-causing viruses also induces changes that lead to malignant transformation. This can be caused by both expression of oncogenic viral proteins and also by changes in cellular genes and proteins that affect the epigenome. Thus, these epigenetic modifiers are good therapeutic targets, and several epigenetic inhibitors are approved for the treatment of different cancers. In addition to small molecule drugs, biological therapies, such as antibodies and viral therapies, are also increasingly being used to treat cancer. An HSV-1-derived oncolytic virus is currently approved by the US FDA and the European Medicines Agency. Similarly, an adenovirus-based therapeutic is approved for use in China for some cancer types. Because viruses can affect cellular epigenetics, the interaction of epigenome-targeting drugs with oncogenic and oncolytic viruses is a highly significant area of investigation. Here, we will review the current knowledge about the impact of using epigenetic drugs in tumors positive for oncogenic viruses or as therapeutic combinations with oncolytic viruses.
Topics: Histones; Humans; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses
PubMed: 35143960
DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.006 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Oct 2021Oncoviruses are viruses that can cause tumors. Seven viruses are currently recognized as oncogenic in humans: Epstein Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma-associated... (Review)
Review
Oncoviruses are viruses that can cause tumors. Seven viruses are currently recognized as oncogenic in humans: Epstein Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as HHV8), human papillomaviruses (HPVs), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). The clinical phenotypes resulting from infection with these oncoviruses range from asymptomatic infection to invasive cancers. Patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are prone to the development of infectious diseases caused by a narrow or broad spectrum of pathogens, including oncoviruses in some cases. Studies of patients with IEI have deepened our understanding of the non-redundant mechanisms underlying the control of EBV, HHV8 and HPV infections. The human genetic factors conferring predisposition to oncogenic HBV, HCV, HTLV-1 and MCPyV manifestations remain elusive. We briefly review here what is currently known about the IEI conferring predisposition to severe infection with oncoviruses.
Topics: Autoimmunity; Biomarkers; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genetic Variation; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity; Mutation; Oncogenic Viruses; Phenotype; Species Specificity; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 34364035
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.06.017 -
Trends in Molecular Medicine Mar 2023Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition has been described in tumors as a source of mesenchymal stroma, while the reverse process has been proposed in tumor vasculogenesis... (Review)
Review
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition has been described in tumors as a source of mesenchymal stroma, while the reverse process has been proposed in tumor vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. A human oncogenic virus, Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV), can regulate both processes in order to transit through this transition 'boulevard' when infecting KS oncogenic progenitor cells. Endothelial or mesenchymal circulating progenitor cells can serve as KS oncogenic progenitors recruited by inflammatory cytokines because KSHV can reprogram one into the other through endothelial-to-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-to-endothelial transitions. Through these novel insights, the identity of the potential oncogenic progenitor of KS is revealed while gaining knowledge of the biology of the mesenchymal-endothelial differentiation axis and pointing to this axis as a therapeutic target in KS.
Topics: Humans; Sarcoma, Kaposi; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Cell Differentiation
PubMed: 36635149
DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.12.003 -
Viruses May 2021Human oncogenic viruses account for at least 12% of total cancer cases worldwide. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first identified human oncogenic virus and it alone... (Review)
Review
Human oncogenic viruses account for at least 12% of total cancer cases worldwide. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first identified human oncogenic virus and it alone causes ~200,000 cancer cases and ~1.8% of total cancer-related death annually. Over the past 40 years, increasing lines of evidence have supported a causal link between EBV infection and a subgroup of lung cancers (LCs). In this article, we review the current understanding of the EBV-LC association and the etiological role of EBV in lung carcinogenesis. We also discuss the clinical impact of the knowledge gained from previous research, challenges, and future directions in this field. Given the high clinical relevance of EBV-LC association, there is an urgent need for further investigation on this topic.
Topics: Animals; Cell Transformation, Viral; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Susceptibility; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Virus Latency
PubMed: 34064727
DOI: 10.3390/v13050877 -
Current Oncology Reports Jul 2022This study assesses the current state of knowledge of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), which are malignancies arising from the orifices and adjacent... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This study assesses the current state of knowledge of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), which are malignancies arising from the orifices and adjacent mucosae of the aerodigestive tracts. These contiguous anatomical areas are unique in that 2 important human oncoviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV), are causally associated with nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal cancers, respectively. Mortality rates have remained high over the last 4 decades, and insufficient attention paid to the unique viral and clinical oncology of the different subgroups of HNSCC.
RECENT FINDINGS
We have compared and contrasted the 2 double-stranded DNA viruses and the relevant molecular oncogenesis of their respective cancers against other head and neck cancers. Tobacco and alcohol ingestion are also reviewed, as regard the genetic progression/mutation accumulation model of carcinogenesis. The importance of stringent stratification when searching for cancer mutations and biomarkers is discussed. Evidence is presented for a dysplastic/pre-invasive cancerous phase for HPV+ oropharyngeal cancers, and analogous with other HPV+ cancers. This raises the possibility of strategies for cancer screening as early diagnosis will undoubtedly save lives. Staging and prognostication have changed to take into account the distinct biological and prognostic pathways for viral+ and viral- cancers. Diagnosis of pre-cancers and early stage cancers will reduce mortality rates. Multi-modal treatment options for HNSCC are reviewed, especially recent developments with immunotherapies and precision medicine strategies. Knowledge integration of the viral and molecular oncogenic pathways with sound planning, hypothesis generation, and clinical trials will continue to provide therapeutic options in the future.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Medical Oncology; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
PubMed: 35347592
DOI: 10.1007/s11912-022-01263-7 -
Cellular Immunology Sep 2019Patients following solid organ transplantation show a higher risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. Elevated risk is likely due to the interplay... (Review)
Review
Patients following solid organ transplantation show a higher risk of developing cancer compared to the general population. Elevated risk is likely due to the interplay of a combination of factors, such as chronic inflammation, coexisting medical conditions, immunosuppressive regimen and persistent infection with oncogenic viruses. In addition, the tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in cancer progression, by driving recruitment and in situ differentiation of anti-inflammatory cells of the adaptive and innate immune system such as regulatory T cells, Th17, Dendritic Cells, Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells, Type 2 Macrophages. Here we discuss the molecular role and the contribution to oncogenesis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in immunocompromised patients and describe how these viruses may contribute to oncogenesis both directly and indirectly.
Topics: Animals; Hepacivirus; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Neoplasms; Oncogenic Viruses
PubMed: 29523417
DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.02.010 -
Virology Journal Nov 2021Toll-like receptors (TLRs) control anti-viral responses both directly in infected cells and in responding cells of the immune systems. Therefore, they are crucial for... (Review)
Review
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) control anti-viral responses both directly in infected cells and in responding cells of the immune systems. Therefore, they are crucial for responses against the oncogenic γ-herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and the related murine virus MHV68, which directly infect immune system cells. However, since these viruses also cause lifelong persistent infections, TLRs may also be involved in modulation of inflammation during latent infection and contribute to virus-driven tumorigenesis. This review summarizes work on both of these aspects of TLR/γ-herpesvirus interactions, as well as results showing that TLR activity can drive these viruses' re-entry into the replicative lytic cycle.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Mice; Toll-Like Receptors; Virus Latency; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34749760
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01678-x