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Cancer Communications (London, England) Oct 2022In China, lung cancer is a primary cancer type with high incidence and mortality. Risk factors for lung cancer include tobacco use, family history, radiation exposure,... (Review)
Review
In China, lung cancer is a primary cancer type with high incidence and mortality. Risk factors for lung cancer include tobacco use, family history, radiation exposure, and the presence of chronic lung diseases. Most early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients miss the optimal timing for treatment due to the lack of clinical presentations. Population-based nationwide screening programs are of significant help in increasing the early detection and survival rates of NSCLC in China. The understanding of molecular carcinogenesis and the identification of oncogenic drivers dramatically facilitate the development of targeted therapy for NSCLC, thus prolonging survival in patients with positive drivers. In the exploration of immune escape mechanisms, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor monotherapy and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor plus chemotherapy have become a standard of care for advanced NSCLC in China. In the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology's guidelines for NSCLC, maintenance immunotherapy is recommended for locally advanced NSCLC after chemoradiotherapy. Adjuvant immunotherapy and neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy will be approved for resectable NSCLC. In this review, we summarized recent advances in NSCLC in China in terms of epidemiology, biology, molecular pathology, pathogenesis, screening, diagnosis, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.
Topics: B7-H1 Antigen; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Humans; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Lung Neoplasms; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
PubMed: 36075878
DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12359 -
Cancer Science May 2020Artificial intelligence (AI) has contributed substantially to the resolution of a variety of biomedical problems, including cancer, over the past decade. Deep learning,... (Review)
Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) has contributed substantially to the resolution of a variety of biomedical problems, including cancer, over the past decade. Deep learning, a subfield of AI that is highly flexible and supports automatic feature extraction, is increasingly being applied in various areas of both basic and clinical cancer research. In this review, we describe numerous recent examples of the application of AI in oncology, including cases in which deep learning has efficiently solved problems that were previously thought to be unsolvable, and we address obstacles that must be overcome before such application can become more widespread. We also highlight resources and datasets that can help harness the power of AI for cancer research. The development of innovative approaches to and applications of AI will yield important insights in oncology in the coming decade.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Deep Learning; Genomics; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Medical Oncology; Neoplasms; Precision Medicine
PubMed: 32133724
DOI: 10.1111/cas.14377 -
Current Oncology (Toronto, Ont.) Mar 2022Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Canada and a significant cause of morbidity for patients and their loved ones. There have been rapid advances in... (Review)
Review
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in Canada and a significant cause of morbidity for patients and their loved ones. There have been rapid advances in preventing, screening and treating this disease. Here, we present a contemporary review of treatment of non-small cell lung cancer in Canada based on current best practices. The focus of this review is to highlight recent data in screening for lung cancer, management of patients with early and locally-advanced non-small cell lung cancer, as well as management of patients with metastatic disease. There is a special focus on the incorporation of immunotherapy into practice and its associated toxicities.
Topics: Canada; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; General Practitioners; Humans; Immunotherapy; Lung Neoplasms
PubMed: 35323350
DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29030150 -
Cancer Cell Jul 2021Clinical oncology is experiencing rapid growth in data that are collected to enhance cancer care. With recent advances in the field of artificial intelligence (AI),... (Review)
Review
Clinical oncology is experiencing rapid growth in data that are collected to enhance cancer care. With recent advances in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), there is now a computational basis to integrate and synthesize this growing body of multi-dimensional data, deduce patterns, and predict outcomes to improve shared patient and clinician decision making. While there is high potential, significant challenges remain. In this perspective, we propose a pathway of clinical cancer care touchpoints for narrow-task AI applications and review a selection of applications. We describe the challenges faced in the clinical translation of AI and propose solutions. We also suggest paths forward in weaving AI into individualized patient care, with an emphasis on clinical validity, utility, and usability. By illuminating these issues in the context of current AI applications for clinical oncology, we hope to help advance meaningful investigations that will ultimately translate to real-world clinical use.
Topics: Algorithms; Artificial Intelligence; Clinical Decision-Making; Humans; Medical Oncology; Neoplasms; Precision Medicine
PubMed: 33930310
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.04.002 -
Cell Apr 2023Machine learning (ML) is increasingly used in clinical oncology to diagnose cancers, predict patient outcomes, and inform treatment planning. Here, we review recent... (Review)
Review
Machine learning (ML) is increasingly used in clinical oncology to diagnose cancers, predict patient outcomes, and inform treatment planning. Here, we review recent applications of ML across the clinical oncology workflow. We review how these techniques are applied to medical imaging and to molecular data obtained from liquid and solid tumor biopsies for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment design. We discuss key considerations in developing ML for the distinct challenges posed by imaging and molecular data. Finally, we examine ML models approved for cancer-related patient usage by regulatory agencies and discuss approaches to improve the clinical usefulness of ML.
Topics: Humans; Machine Learning; Neoplasms; Diagnostic Imaging; Medical Oncology
PubMed: 36905928
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.035 -
Trends in Cancer Aug 2022Immune checkpoint inhibition and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy have demonstrated stunning clinical efficacy in many cancer types. However, most patients... (Review)
Review
Immune checkpoint inhibition and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy have demonstrated stunning clinical efficacy in many cancer types. However, most patients do not respond to immunotherapies or relapse after an initial response, stressing the need for improved strategies. Chemokines, as mediators of immune cell trafficking, play an important role in the composition of the tumor microenvironment and exert both pro- and antitumorigenic functions. Here, chemokines may represent valuable prognostic biomarkers of response to immunotherapy and a strategy to improve immunotherapies. In this review, the pleiotropic functions of chemokines in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and strategies of utilizing chemokines or chemokine antagonism in immunotherapy are discussed. The review highlights preclinical and clinical studies that apply or target chemokines in monotherapy or in combination therapies.
Topics: Chemokines; Humans; Immunotherapy; Immunotherapy, Adoptive; Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 35501268
DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.04.001 -
Current Oncology (Toronto, Ont.) Feb 2020Soft-tissue sarcoma (sts) is a rare mesenchymal malignancy that accounts for less than 1% of all adult tumours. Despite the successful advancement of localized therapies... (Review)
Review
Soft-tissue sarcoma (sts) is a rare mesenchymal malignancy that accounts for less than 1% of all adult tumours. Despite the successful advancement of localized therapies such as surgery and radiotherapy, these tumours can, for many, recur-often with metastatic disease. In the advanced setting, the role of systemic therapies is modest and is associated with poor survival. With the discovery of immunotherapies in other tumour types such as melanoma and lung cancer, interest has been renewed in exploring immunotherapy in sts. The biology of some stss makes them ripe for immunotherapy intervention; for example, some stss might have chromosomal translocations resulting in pathognomonic fusion products that have been shown to express cancer/testis antigens. Here, we present a targeted review of the published data and ongoing clinical trials for immunotherapies in patients with sarcoma, which comprise immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapies, and cancer vaccines.
Topics: Humans; Immunotherapy; Sarcoma; Soft Tissue Neoplasms
PubMed: 32174754
DOI: 10.3747/co.27.5407 -
Current Oncology (Toronto, Ont.) Apr 2020Compared with previous standards of care (including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery), cancer immunotherapy has brought significant improvements for patients in... (Review)
Review
Compared with previous standards of care (including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery), cancer immunotherapy has brought significant improvements for patients in terms of survival and quality of life. Immunotherapy has now firmly established itself as a novel pillar of cancer care, from the metastatic stage to the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings in numerous cancer types. In this review article, we highlight how the history of cancer immunotherapy paved the way for discoveries that are now part of the standard of care. We also highlight the current pitfalls and limitations of cancer checkpoint immunotherapy and how novel research in the fields of personalized cancer vaccines, autoimmunity, the microbiome, the tumour microenvironment, and metabolomics is aiming to solve those challenges.
Topics: Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms
PubMed: 32368178
DOI: 10.3747/co.27.5223 -
Current Oncology (Toronto, Ont.) Apr 2020The Canadian Cancer Society estimated that 220,400 new cases of cancer would be diagnosed in 2019. Of the affected patients, more than 60% will survive for 5 years or... (Review)
Review
The Canadian Cancer Society estimated that 220,400 new cases of cancer would be diagnosed in 2019. Of the affected patients, more than 60% will survive for 5 years or longer after their cancer diagnosis. Furthermore, nearly 40% will receive at least 1 course of radiotherapy (rt). Radiotherapy is used with both curative and palliative intent: to treat early-stage or locally advanced tumours (curative) and for symptom management in advanced disease (palliative). It can be delivered systemically (external-beam rt) or internally (brachytherapy). Although technique improvements have drastically reduced the occurrence of rt-related toxicity, most patients still experience burdensome rt side effects (seffs). Radiotherapy seffs are local or locoregional, and manifest in tissues or organs that were irradiated. Side effects manifesting within weeks after rt completion are termed "early seffs," and those occurring months or years after treatment are termed "late seffs." In addition to radiation oncologists, general practitioners in oncology and primary care providers are involved in survivorship care and management of rt seffs. Here, we present an overview of common seffs and their respective management: anxiety, depression, fatigue, and effects related to the head-and-neck, thoracic, and pelvic treatment sites.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Radiotherapy; Radiotherapy Dosage; Survivorship
PubMed: 32489253
DOI: 10.3747/co.27.6233 -
ESMO Open Apr 2023• Anxiety and depressive disorders are common in patients with cancer. • A higher prevalence seen in patients with cancer than the general population is often...
• Anxiety and depressive disorders are common in patients with cancer. • A higher prevalence seen in patients with cancer than the general population is often underrecognised. • Psychotherapy, cognitive behavioural therapy and mindfulness-based therapies are effective treatments. • Psychopharmacological treatments have been shown to be effective treatments of anxiety and depressive disorders.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Depression; Neoplasms; Anxiety
PubMed: 37087199
DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2023.101155