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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022-dealkylation, the removal of an -alkyl group from an amine, is an important chemical transformation which provides routes for the synthesis of a wide range of... (Review)
Review
-dealkylation, the removal of an -alkyl group from an amine, is an important chemical transformation which provides routes for the synthesis of a wide range of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, bulk and fine chemicals. -dealkylation of amines is also an important in vivo metabolic pathway in the metabolism of xenobiotics. Identification and synthesis of drug metabolites such as -dealkylated metabolites are necessary throughout all phases of drug development studies. In this review, different approaches for the -dealkylation of amines including chemical, catalytic, electrochemical, photochemical and enzymatic methods will be discussed.
Topics: Amines; Dealkylation
PubMed: 35630770
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103293 -
Revue Medicale Suisse Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Opiate Alkaloids; Neck Pain
PubMed: 37850812
DOI: 10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.846.1959 -
Revue Medicale Suisse Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Opiate Alkaloids; Low Back Pain; Neck Pain; Acute Pain
PubMed: 37610198
DOI: 10.53738/REVMED.2023.19.838.1530 -
Revue Medicale Suisse Jan 2024
Topics: Humans; Opiate Alkaloids; Pain Management
PubMed: 38268354
DOI: 10.53738/REVMED.2024.20.858.130 -
Journal of General Internal Medicine Jun 2023
Topics: Humans; Buprenorphine; Narcotic Antagonists; Opiate Substitution Treatment
PubMed: 36988866
DOI: 10.1007/s11606-023-08038-1 -
Spine Sep 2019
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Humans; Lower Extremity; Medicine; Opiate Alkaloids; Pain
PubMed: 31479040
DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000003143 -
Mayo Clinic Proceedings Oct 2019The United States is in the midst of a national opioid epidemic. Physicians are encouraged both to prevent and treat opioid-use disorders (OUDs). Although there are 3... (Review)
Review
The United States is in the midst of a national opioid epidemic. Physicians are encouraged both to prevent and treat opioid-use disorders (OUDs). Although there are 3 Food and Drug Administration-approved medications to treat OUD (methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone) and there is ample evidence of their efficacy, they are not used as often as they should. We provide a brief review of the 3 primary medications used in the treatment of OUD. Using data from available medical literature, we synthesize existing knowledge and provide a framework for how to determine the optimal approach for outpatient management of OUD with medication-assisted treatments.
Topics: Algorithms; Buprenorphine; Decision Trees; Humans; Methadone; Naltrexone; Opiate Substitution Treatment; Opioid-Related Disorders
PubMed: 31543255
DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.03.029 -
American Journal of Respiratory and... Aug 2020
Topics: Critical Care; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Opiate Alkaloids; Patient Discharge; Respiration, Artificial
PubMed: 32464072
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202005-1815ED -
British Journal of Hospital Medicine... Sep 2022The forearm is the most common site of fracture in children. At the time of initial assessment, a thorough examination and neurovascular assessment of the limb is... (Review)
Review
The forearm is the most common site of fracture in children. At the time of initial assessment, a thorough examination and neurovascular assessment of the limb is necessary. X-rays allow evaluation of the fracture location and type, in addition to the degree of displacement. With the help of intranasal opiates, manipulation of fracture fragments can be performed in the emergency department. Immobilisation in plaster is the gold standard treatment for paediatric forearm fractures where the degree of displacement is within acceptable parameters. Manipulation and casting should be followed by orthogonal radiographs and a repeated neurovascular assessment of the limb. Oral analgesia and safety netting information should be provided on discharge and the child should be reviewed in fracture clinic within a week of the injury. This article reviews the British Orthopaedic Association Standards for Trauma and Orthopaedics for the early management of paediatric forearm fractures that do not require operative management.
Topics: Child; Forearm; Forearm Injuries; Humans; Opiate Alkaloids; Radiography; Radius Fractures
PubMed: 36193916
DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2021.0564 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 20226,14-ethenomorphinans are semisynthetic opiate derivatives containing an ethylene bridge between positions 6 and 14 in ring-C of the morphine skeleton that imparts a... (Review)
Review
6,14-ethenomorphinans are semisynthetic opiate derivatives containing an ethylene bridge between positions 6 and 14 in ring-C of the morphine skeleton that imparts a rigid molecular structure. These compounds represent an important family of opioid receptor ligands in which the 6,14-etheno bridged structural motif originates from a [4 + 2] cycloaddition of morphinan-6,8-dienes with dienophiles. Certain 6,14-ethenomorphinans having extremely high affinity for opioid receptors are often non-selective for opioid receptor subtypes, but this view is now undergoing some revision. The agonist 20-etorphine and 20-dihydroetorphine are several thousand times more potent analgesics than morphine, whereas diprenorphine is a high-affinity non-selective antagonist. The partial agonist buprenorphine is used as an analgesic in the management of post-operative pain or in substitution therapy for opiate addiction, sometimes in combination with the non-selective antagonist naloxone. In the context of the current opioid crisis, we communicated a summary of several decades of work toward generating opioid analgesics with lesser side effects or abuse potential. Our summary placed a focus on Diels-Alder reactions of morphinan-6,8-dienes and subsequent transformations of the cycloadducts. We also summarized the pharmacological aspects of radiolabeled 6,14-ethenomorphinans used in molecular imaging of opioid receptors.
Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Morphinans; Morphine; Naloxone; Receptors, Opioid; Receptors, Opioid, mu
PubMed: 35566212
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092863