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International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2021The oral mucosa, which is the lining tissue of the oral cavity, is a gateway to the body and it offers first-line protection against potential pathogens, exogenous... (Review)
Review
The oral mucosa, which is the lining tissue of the oral cavity, is a gateway to the body and it offers first-line protection against potential pathogens, exogenous chemicals, airborne allergens, etc. by means of its physical and microbiological-immune barrier functions. For this reason, oral mucosa is considered as a mirror to the health of the individual as well as a guard or early warning system. It is organized in two main components: a physical barrier, which consists of stratified epithelial cells and cell-cell junctions, and a microbiological-immune barrier that keeps the internal environment in a condition of homeostasis. Different factors, including microorganism, saliva, proteins and immune components, have been considered to play a critical role in disruption of oral epithelial barrier. Altered mucosal structure and barrier functions results in oral pathologies as well as systemic diseases. About 700 kinds of microorganisms exist in the human mouth, constituting the oral microbiota, which plays a significant role on the induction, training and function of the host immune system. The immune system maintains the symbiotic relationship of the host with this microbiota. Crosstalk between the oral microbiota and immune system includes various interactions in homeostasis and disease. In this review, after reviewing briefly the physical barriers of oral mucosa, the fundamentals of oral microbiome and oral mucosal immunity in regard to their barrier properties will be addressed. Furthermore, their importance in development of new diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for certain diseases as well as in the application for personalized medicine will be discussed.
Topics: Animals; Homeostasis; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Microbiota; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 34360589
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157821 -
Mucosal Immunology Nov 2021Oral mucosal disease (OMD), which is also called soft tissue oral disease, is described as a series of disorders or conditions affecting the mucosa and soft tissue in... (Review)
Review
Oral mucosal disease (OMD), which is also called soft tissue oral disease, is described as a series of disorders or conditions affecting the mucosa and soft tissue in the oral cavity. Its etiology is unclear, but emerging evidence has implicated the influence of the composition of the oral mucosa and saliva-resident microbiota. In turn, this dysbiosis effects the immune response balance and epithelial barrier function, followed by the occurrence and progression of OMD. In addition, oral microbial dysbiosis is diverse in different types of diseases and different disease progressions, suggesting that key causal pathogens may exist in various oral pathologies. This narrative literature review primarily discusses the most recent findings focusing on how microbial dysbiosis communicates with mucosal adaptive immune cells and the epithelial barrier in the context of five representative OMDs, including oral candidiasis (OC), oral lichen planus (OLP), recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU), oral leukoplakia (OLK), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), to provide new insight into the pathogenetic mechanisms of OMDs.
Topics: Animals; Biodiversity; Cell Communication; Disease Susceptibility; Dysbiosis; Homeostasis; Host Microbial Interactions; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune System; Immunity, Mucosal; Microbial Interactions; Microbiota; Mouth Mucosa; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34040155
DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00413-7 -
Minerva Dental and Oral Science Aug 2021The buccal fat pad also known as Bichat's fat pad has the same histological characteristics as fats located in other regions of the body, however, its particularity is... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The buccal fat pad also known as Bichat's fat pad has the same histological characteristics as fats located in other regions of the body, however, its particularity is the wrapping of a fibrous capsule that prevents it from being metabolized. Bichectomy is the surgical procedure that partially removes oral fat, consequently it is possible to observe the volumetric reduction of the lower third of the face and the definition of contours and angulations, making the face esthetically pleasing. However, this procedure is related to several potentially serious complications in the postoperative period due to the surgical technique.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A bibliographic search was carried out based on scientific articles, published in English and Portuguese, between 2015 and 2019. The search was carried through the electronic databases PubMed, SciELO, Medline, Bireme and Lilacs with the keywords "bichectomy," "buccal fat pad," "buccal adipose tissue" and "bichectomy and complications." Were included articles that reported the postoperative period and complications.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
The anatomical knowledge of this region is essential to avoid iatrogenesis in surgical procedures, which can result in temporary or permanent sequelae. Among the complications of greater complexity in bichectomy there are: trismus, hemorrhages, facial infections, lesion of the duct of the parotid gland and facial paralysis, however common complications that are related to any surgical procedure can occur, such as edema and hematoma, despite being considered a technically simple procedure.
CONCLUSIONS
Bichectomy is a quick and technically simple esthetic-functional procedure, but it presents unpredictable risks of potentially serious complications.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Cheek; Mouth; Parotid Gland; Plastic Surgery Procedures
PubMed: 33138350
DOI: 10.23736/S2724-6329.20.04415-5 -
Journal of Dental Research Oct 2021Although the physiological control of salivary secretion has been well studied, the impact of disease on salivary gland function and how this changes the composition and... (Review)
Review
Although the physiological control of salivary secretion has been well studied, the impact of disease on salivary gland function and how this changes the composition and function of saliva is less well understood and is considered in this review. Secretion of saliva is dependent upon nerve-mediated stimuli, which activate glandular fluid and protein secretory mechanisms. The volume of saliva secreted by salivary glands depends upon the frequency and intensity of nerve-mediated stimuli, which increase dramatically with food intake and are subject to facilitatory or inhibitory influences within the central nervous system. Longer-term changes in saliva secretion have been found to occur in response to dietary change and aging, and these physiological influences can alter the composition and function of saliva in the mouth. Salivary gland dysfunction is associated with different diseases, including Sjögren syndrome, sialadenitis, and iatrogenic disease, due to radiotherapy and medications and is usually reported as a loss of secretory volume, which can range in severity. Defining salivary gland dysfunction by measuring salivary flow rates can be difficult since these vary widely in the healthy population. However, saliva can be sampled noninvasively and repeatedly, which facilitates longitudinal studies of subjects, providing a clearer picture of altered function. The application of omics technologies has revealed changes in saliva composition in many systemic diseases, offering disease biomarkers, but these compositional changes may not be related to salivary gland dysfunction. In Sjögren syndrome, there appears to be a change in the rheology of saliva due to altered mucin glycosylation. Analysis of glandular saliva in diseases or therapeutic interventions causing salivary gland inflammation frequently shows increased electrolyte concentrations and increased presence of innate immune proteins, most notably lactoferrin. Altering nerve-mediated signaling of salivary gland secretion contributes to medication-induced dysfunction and may also contribute to altered saliva composition in neurodegenerative disease.
Topics: Humans; Mouth; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Saliva; Salivary Glands; Salivation
PubMed: 33870742
DOI: 10.1177/00220345211004842 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Dec 2020Oral endoscopy is a valuable addition to the equine dental examination process. It enables veterinarians to visualize subtle oral disorders and is a useful client... (Review)
Review
Oral endoscopy is a valuable addition to the equine dental examination process. It enables veterinarians to visualize subtle oral disorders and is a useful client education tool. There are several commercially available oral endoscopic systems on the market. Practitioners can also assemble their own systems. An oral endoscope is used to perform a thorough and systematic oral examination and to visualize normal oral structures as well as oral disorders. It is also used to guide instrument placement during oral surgeries and other dental procedures.
Topics: Animals; Diagnosis, Oral; Endoscopy; Horse Diseases; Horses; Mouth Diseases; Tooth; Tooth Diseases
PubMed: 33067096
DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.07.001 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2021The human oral cavity is a major point of entry for microorganisms, many of which live and multiply in the mouth. In addition, it provides an accessible site for...
The human oral cavity is a major point of entry for microorganisms, many of which live and multiply in the mouth. In addition, it provides an accessible site for sampling compared to other parts of the body; however, caution should be taken during oral sampling as many factors contribute to the microbial diversity in a site-dependent manner. The accessibility of the oral cavity and its microbial diversity emphasize the crucial need to avoid cross-contamination during the sampling procedure. In this chapter, we describe various detailed oral sampling procedures. These methods include supragingival dental plaque sampling, subgingival dental plaque sampling, oral mucosal sampling, and endodontic sampling methods for extracted teeth or in the patient's mouth. The proposed protocols provide tips to avoid contamination between different oral sources of bacteria and possible alternatives to the tools used.
Topics: Bacteria; Dental Plaque; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 34410637
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1518-8_2 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) May 2022Oral microbiota form complex biofilms that can affect local and systemic health.
Oral microbiota form complex biofilms that can affect local and systemic health.
Topics: Biofilms; Disease; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Health; Humans; Mouth
PubMed: 35617380
DOI: 10.1126/science.abn1890 -
BMJ Case Reports Jan 2023Oral soft-tissue myxomas of the oral cavity have been sparsely cited in the medical literature worldwide. This could be due to other clinically and/or histologically...
Oral soft-tissue myxomas of the oral cavity have been sparsely cited in the medical literature worldwide. This could be due to other clinically and/or histologically similar lesions requiring accurate differential diagnosis by experienced physicians and pathologists. Although myxomas are benign and do not metastasise, they have higher rates of recurrence and deserve proper attention and to be reported as well. Soft-tissue myxomas of the oral cavity are extremely rare and very few cases have been reported in the literature. The article describes a soft-tissue myxoma in a male patient in his 40s and review of published cases.
Topics: Humans; Male; Mouth; Myxoma
PubMed: 36599490
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-251035 -
Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) Sep 2019Surgical release of the lingual frenulum (frenotomy) has become an increasingly common procedure, performed from birth through to adulthood. Surprisingly, detailed...
Surgical release of the lingual frenulum (frenotomy) has become an increasingly common procedure, performed from birth through to adulthood. Surprisingly, detailed anatomy of the in-situ lingual frenulum has never been described, and no anatomical basis has been proposed for the individual variability in frenulum morphology. The lingual frenulum is frequently referred to as a "cord" or "submucosal band" of connective tissue, yet there is no evidence to support this anatomical construct. This paper aims to describe the anatomy of the in-situ lingual frenulum and its relationship to floor of mouth structures. Fresh tissue microdissection of the lingual frenulum and floor of mouth was performed on nine adult cadavers with photo-documentation and description of findings. The lingual frenulum is a dynamic structure, formed by a midline fold in a layer of fascia that inserts around the inner arc of the mandible, forming a diaphragm-like structure across the floor of mouth. This fascia is located immediately beneath the oral mucosa, fusing centrally with the connective tissue on the tongue's ventral surface. The sublingual glands and submandibular ducts are enveloped by the fascial layer and anterior genioglossus fibers are suspended beneath it. Lingual nerve branches are located superficially on the ventral surface of the tongue, immediately deep to the fascia. The lingual frenulum is not a discrete midline structure. It is formed by dynamic elevation of a midline fold in the floor of mouth fascia. With this study, the clinical concept of ankyloglossia and its surgical management warrant revision. Clin. Anat. 32:749-761, 2019. © 2019 The Authors. Clinical Anatomy published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Clinical Anatomists.
Topics: Ankyloglossia; Cadaver; Dissection; Humans; Lingual Frenum; Mandible; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 30701608
DOI: 10.1002/ca.23343 -
Medicine Nov 2022Frequently, periodontal health and it's associated oral biofilm has not been addressed in those patients who have systemic health issues, especially those who are not... (Review)
Review
Frequently, periodontal health and it's associated oral biofilm has not been addressed in those patients who have systemic health issues, especially those who are not responding to medical treatment via their physician. Oral biofilm may be present in the periodontal sulcus in the absence of clinical disease of periodontal disease (bleeding on probing, gingival inflammation) and periodontal reaction is dependent on the patient's immune response to the associated bacterial and their byproducts. Increasing evidence has been emerging the past decade connecting oral biofilm with systemic conditions, either initiating them or complicating those medical conditions. The patient's health needs to be thought of as a whole-body system with connections that may originate in the oral cavity and have distant affects throughout the body. To maximize total health, a coordination in healthcare needs to be a symbiosis between the physician and dentist to eliminate the oral biofilm and aid in prevention of systemic disease or minimize those effects to improve the patient's overall health and quality of life. Various areas of systemic health have been associated with the bacteria and their byproducts in the oral biofilm. Those include cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, pulmonary disease, prostate cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, pre-term pregnancy, erectile dysfunction Alzheimer's disease and Rheumatoid arthritis. This article will discuss oral biofilm, its affects systemically and review the medical conditions associated with the oral systemic connection with an extensive review of the literature.
Topics: Humans; Male; Oral Health; Quality of Life; Biofilms; Mouth; Immunotherapy; Bacteria
PubMed: 36401454
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000030517