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Clinica Chimica Acta; International... Jul 2020Oral infections are common among individuals of all ages and can activate local and systemic inflammation. The inflammatory response plays an important role in... (Review)
Review
Oral infections are common among individuals of all ages and can activate local and systemic inflammation. The inflammatory response plays an important role in atherosclerosis. An increasing number of studies have reported an association between oral pathogen infection and atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. For instance, epidemiological studies support the positive correlation between oral infections and atherosclerosis. The presence of oral pathogens in human atherosclerotic plaques has been detected by multiple methods, and oral infections promote atherosclerosis in animal experiments. Various mechanisms are involved in oral infections, thereby promoting atherosclerosis. First, oral infections can trigger the local and systemic inflammatory response, causing vascular endothelial damage. Oral-derived pathogens that enter atherosclerotic plaque can activate macrophages and cause an intra-plaque inflammatory response. Second, oral infections can promote intra-plaque macrophage cholesterol accumulation and foam cell formation. Third, oral infections can regulate plasma lipid levels, thereby increasing atherogenic lipid low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels. Although atherosclerosis caused by oral infections is currently studied, the precise mechanism remains to be further explored. The rise of gut microbiota research also makes the relationship between oral microbiota and disease, especially the relationship with coronary heart disease, worthy of attention and in-depth research.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth
PubMed: 32220421
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.033 -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... May 2021Mouth gags have been in use since 1220 as a solution to the cumbersome limitations encountered when visibility and access to the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx are... (Review)
Review
Mouth gags have been in use since 1220 as a solution to the cumbersome limitations encountered when visibility and access to the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx are needed. The instruments being used today range from the simple but effective design of the bite block to the sophisticated and intricate design of the Feyh-Kastenbauer. This article highlights the most frequently used well-designed mouth gags and the applications for which they provide the most benefit. Disadvantages and risks of their use are explored, especially those that clinicians should be aware of for patient and operator safety.
Topics: Humans; Microsurgery; Mouth
PubMed: 33685788
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2021.01.003 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2023Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a benign vascular lesion found predominantly in the oral cavity. Characterized by rapid growth and propensity to bleed, PG presents diagnostic... (Review)
Review
Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a benign vascular lesion found predominantly in the oral cavity. Characterized by rapid growth and propensity to bleed, PG presents diagnostic challenges due to its similarity and alarming proliferation. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management of oral PG, with emphasis on recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The epidemiology of the injury is meticulously analyzed, revealing a higher incidence in women and a wide range of ages of onset. It delves into the etiopathogenesis, highlighting the uncertainty surrounding the exact causal factors, although historical attributions suggest an infectious origin. It exhaustively analyzes the clinical and histopathological aspects of oral PG, offering information on its various presentations and the importance of an accurate diagnosis to guide effective treatment. It details treatment strategies, emphasizing the personalized approach based on individual patient characteristics. This comprehensive review consolidates current knowledge on oral PG, highlighting the need for further research to clarify its pathogenesis and optimize treatment protocols.
Topics: Humans; Female; Granuloma, Pyogenic; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth
PubMed: 38069207
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316885 -
Monographs in Oral Science 2023Bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, viruses, and bacteriophages colonize the oral cavity and, in combination, they form the oral microbiome. The coexistence of different... (Review)
Review
Bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, viruses, and bacteriophages colonize the oral cavity and, in combination, they form the oral microbiome. The coexistence of different microorganisms and the microbial balance at each specific site are warranted by synergistic and antagonist interactions among members of the microbial communities. This microbiological balance suppresses the growth of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, generally keeping them at low abundance in the colonized sites. Microbial communities coexist in harmony with the host being compatible with a health condition. On the other hand, stressors exert selective pressure on the microbiota, promoting disruption in microbial homeostasis leading to dysbiosis. In this process, potentially pathogenic microorganisms become more abundant, resulting in microbial communities with altered properties and functions. Once the dysbiotic state has been reached, increased disease risk is expected. Biofilm is essential for caries development. The knowledge of the composition and metabolic interactions in the microbial community is fundamental for developing effective preventive and therapeutic measures. Studying both health and cariogenic conditions will bring an essential understanding of the disease process. Recent advances in omics approaches provide an unparalleled potential to reveal new insights about dental caries. This chapter will discuss a broader perspective on the etiology and pathogenesis of coronal dental caries from biofilm structure to microbial interactions.
Topics: Humans; Dental Caries; Mouth; Bacteria; Microbiota; Biofilms; Dysbiosis
PubMed: 37364551
DOI: 10.1159/000530558 -
Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging :... Apr 2021Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice to evaluate the complex anatomy and pathology of the oral cavity. In this article, an overview of MRI... (Review)
Review
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice to evaluate the complex anatomy and pathology of the oral cavity. In this article, an overview of MRI findings of common benign lesions in the oral cavity including congenital, vascular, and inflammatory/infectious lesions will be reviewed. In addition, MRI findings of common benign and malignant oral cavity tumors will be presented.
Topics: Contrast Media; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mouth
PubMed: 33828060
DOI: 10.1097/RMR.0000000000000278 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021The oral cavity is a complex environment constantly exposed to antigens from food and the oral microbiota. Innate immune cells play an essential role in maintaining... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is a complex environment constantly exposed to antigens from food and the oral microbiota. Innate immune cells play an essential role in maintaining health and homeostasis in the oral environment. However, these cells also play a significant role in disease progression. This review will focus on two innate phagocytes in the oral cavity: macrophages and neutrophils, and examine their roles during homeostasis and disease development, with a focus on periodontal disease and cancer. Macrophages have a well-known ability to polarize and be activated towards a variety of phenotypes. Several studies have found that macrophages' polarization changes can play an essential role in maintaining health in the oral cavity and contribute to disease. Recent data also finds that neutrophils display phenotypic heterogeneity in the oral cavity. In both cases, we focus on what is known about how these cellular changes alter these immune cells' interactions with the oral microbiota, including how such changes can lead to worsening, rather than improving, disease states.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Macrophage Activation; Macrophages; Microbiota; Mouth; Mouth Neoplasms; Neutrophils; Periodontal Diseases
PubMed: 35069541
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768479 -
Biochemistry and Cell Biology =... Feb 2021The oral cavity is a non-uniform, extraordinary environment characterized by mucosal, epithelial, abiotic surfaces and secretions as saliva. Aerobic and anaerobic... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is a non-uniform, extraordinary environment characterized by mucosal, epithelial, abiotic surfaces and secretions as saliva. Aerobic and anaerobic commensal and pathogenic microorganisms colonize the tongue, teeth, jowl, gingiva, and periodontium. Commensals exert an important role in host defenses, while pathogenic microorganisms can nullify this protective function causing oral and systemic diseases. Every day, 750-1000 mL of saliva, containing several host defense constituents including lactoferrin (Lf), are secreted and swallowed. Lf is a multifunctional iron-chelating cationic glycoprotein of innate immunity. Depending on, or regardless of its iron-binding ability, Lf exerts bacteriostatic, bactericidal, antibiofilm, antioxidant, antiadhesive, anti-invasive, and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we report the protective role of Lf in different oral pathologies, such as xerostomia, halitosis, alveolar or maxillary bone damage, gingivitis, periodontitis, and black stain. Unlike antibiotic therapy, which is ineffective against bacteria that are within a biofilm, adherent, or intracellular, the topical administration of Lf, through its simultaneous activity against microbial replication, biofilms, adhesion, and invasiveness, as well as inflammation, has been proven to be efficient in the treatment of all known oral pathologies without any adverse effects.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Biofilms; Humans; Inflammation; Lactoferrin; Mouth
PubMed: 32213143
DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0052 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020The composition of the oral milieu reflects oral health. Saliva provides an environment for multiple microorganisms, and contains soluble factors and immune cells.... (Review)
Review
The composition of the oral milieu reflects oral health. Saliva provides an environment for multiple microorganisms, and contains soluble factors and immune cells. Neutrophils, which rapidly react on the changes in the microenvironment, are a major immune cell population in saliva and thus may serve as a biomarker for oral pathologies. This review focuses on salivary neutrophils in the oral cavity, their phenotype changes in physiological and pathological conditions, as well as on factors regulating oral neutrophil amount, activation and functionality, with special emphasis on oral cancer and its risk factors.
Topics: Humans; Mouth; Mouth Neoplasms; Neutrophils; Saliva
PubMed: 33162980
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565683 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022Oral diseases are among the most common human diseases yet less studied. These diseases affect both the physical, mental, and social health of the patients resulting in... (Review)
Review
Oral diseases are among the most common human diseases yet less studied. These diseases affect both the physical, mental, and social health of the patients resulting in poor quality of life. They affect all ages, although severe stages are mostly observed in older individuals. Poor oral hygiene, genetics, and environmental factors contribute enormously to the development and progression of these diseases. Although there are available treatment options for these diseases, the recurrence of the diseases hinders their efficiency. Oral volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are highly produced in oral cavity as a result of bacteria activities. Together with bacteria components such as lipopolysaccharides, VSCs participate in the progression of oral diseases by regulating cellular activities and interfering with the immune response. Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is a gaseous neurotransmitter primarily produced endogenously and is involved in the regulation of cellular activities. The gas is also among the VSCs produced by oral bacteria. In numerous diseases, HS have been reported to have dual effects depending on the cell, concentration, and donor used. In oral diseases, high production and subsequent utilization of this gas have been reported. Also, this high production is associated with the progression of oral diseases. In this review, we will discuss the production of HS in oral cavity, its interaction with cellular activities, and most importantly its role in oral diseases.
Topics: Apoptosis; Bacteria; Cystathionine gamma-Lyase; Humans; Hydrogen Sulfide; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Neoplasms; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 35116090
DOI: 10.1155/2022/1886277 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024Streptococci are primary colonizers of the oral cavity where they are ubiquitously present and an integral part of the commensal oral biofilm microflora. The role oral... (Review)
Review
Streptococci are primary colonizers of the oral cavity where they are ubiquitously present and an integral part of the commensal oral biofilm microflora. The role oral streptococci play in the interaction with the host is ambivalent. On the one hand, they function as gatekeepers of homeostasis and are a prerequisite for the maintenance of oral health - they shape the oral microbiota, modulate the immune system to enable bacterial survival, and antagonize pathogenic species. On the other hand, also recognized pathogens, such as oral and , which trigger the onset of dental caries belong to the genus . In the context of periodontitis, oral streptococci as excellent initial biofilm formers have an accessory function, enabling late biofilm colonizers to inhabit gingival pockets and cause disease. The pathogenic potential of oral streptococci fully unfolds when their dissemination into the bloodstream occurs; streptococcal infection can cause extra-oral diseases, such as infective endocarditis and hemorrhagic stroke. In this review, the taxonomic diversity of oral streptococci, their role and prevalence in the oral cavity and their contribution to oral health and disease will be discussed, focusing on the virulence factors these species employ for interactions at the host interface.
Topics: Humans; Dental Caries; Streptococcus; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sobrinus; Mouth; Biofilms
PubMed: 38456080
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1357631