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Journal of Dental Research May 2020To successfully withstand a wide variety of microbial and mechanical challenges, the immune system of the oral mucosa is composed of tissue-resident and specially... (Review)
Review
To successfully withstand a wide variety of microbial and mechanical challenges, the immune system of the oral mucosa is composed of tissue-resident and specially recruited leukocytes. These leukocytes facilitate the establishment and maintenance of local homeostasis but are also capable to cause oral pathologies when are unrestrained. γδT cells represent an important tissue-resident innate T-cell population in various mucosal and nonmucosal barrier tissues, in which they are ideally located to assist in immunosurveillance, tissue repair, and homeostasis. Whereas most works studying γδT cells were focused on tissues such as the skin and intestine, these cells in the oral mucosa were only recently thoroughly studied. The findings obtained by those studies appear to be both complementary and contradicting, likely reflecting differences in the experimental settings and the type of transgenic mouse modalities employed by each study. Nevertheless, oral γδT cells were shown to consist of developmentally distinct tissue-resident Vγ6 cells and circulating Vγ1 and Vγ4 subsets that are independently maintained in the oral mucosa. In the gingiva, a particularly challenging barrier tissue due to its proximity to the dental plaque, γδT cells are strategically positioned close to the plaque and represent the major source of IL-17. While this suggests that γδT cells might be involved in controlling the dental biofilm, conflicting data were reported in this regard. In vivo studies have shown that γδT cells either play a protective role during age-associated bone loss or, alternatively, have no impact in this process. Also, recent reports suggested opposing data concerning the impact of γδT cells in experimental periodontitis based on the ligature model. This review summarizes and discusses the most up-to-date literature on oral γδT cells, providing a balanced perspective regarding our current understanding on the development of oral γδT cells and their role under physiologic conditions and certain oral pathologies.
Topics: Animals; Gingiva; Mice, Transgenic; Mouth Mucosa; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta; T-Lymphocyte Subsets
PubMed: 32091949
DOI: 10.1177/0022034520908839 -
Journal of Periodontology Oct 2021Severe acute respiratorysyndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, has led to more than 3.25 million recorded deaths worldwide as of May 2021.... (Review)
Review
Severe acute respiratorysyndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, has led to more than 3.25 million recorded deaths worldwide as of May 2021. COVID-19 is known to be clinically heterogeneous, and whether the reported oral signs and symptoms in COVID-19 are related to the direct infection of oral tissues has remained unknown. Here, we review and summarize the evidence for the primary infection of the glands, oral mucosae, and saliva by SARS-CoV-2. Not only were the entry factors for SARS-CoV-2 found in all oral tissues, but these were also sites of SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication. Furthermore, saliva from asymptomatic individuals contained free virus and SARS-CoV-2-infected oral epithelial cells, both of which were found to transmit the virus. Collectively, these studies support an active role of the oral cavity in the spread and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition to maintaining the appropriate use of personal protective equipment and regimens to limit microbial spread via aerosol or droplet generation, the dental community will also be involved in co-managing COVID-19 "long haulers"-now termed Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome. Consequently, we propose that, as SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread and as new clinical challenges related to COVID-19 are documented, oral symptoms should be included in diagnostic and prognostic classifications as well as plans for multidisciplinary care.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa; SARS-CoV-2; Saliva
PubMed: 34390597
DOI: 10.1002/JPER.21-0277 -
Periodontology 2000 Jun 2022Humans have coevolved with the trillions of resident microbes that populate every nook and cranny of the body. At each site, the resident microbiota creates a unique... (Review)
Review
Humans have coevolved with the trillions of resident microbes that populate every nook and cranny of the body. At each site, the resident microbiota creates a unique ecosystem specialized to its environment, benefiting the development and maintenance of human physiology through harmonious symbiotic relationships with the host. However, when the resident microbiota is perturbed, significant complications may arise with disastrous consequences that affect the local and distant ecosystems. In this context, periodontal disease results in inflammation beyond the oral cavity, such as in the gastrointestinal tract. Accumulating evidence indicates that potentially harmful oral resident bacteria (referred to as pathobionts) and pathogenic immune cells in the oral mucosa can migrate to the lower gastrointestinal tract and contribute to intestinal inflammation. We will review the most recent advances concerning the periodontal connection with intestinal inflammation from microbiological and immunological perspectives. Potential therapeutic approaches that target the connection between the mouth and the gut to treat gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, will be examined. Deciphering the complex interplay between microbes and immunity along the mouth-gut axis will provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of both oral and gut pathologies and present therapeutic opportunities.
Topics: Bacteria; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Microbiota; Mouth
PubMed: 35244953
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12424 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2022This review article was designed to evaluate the existing evidence related to the molecular processes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oral cavity. The World Health... (Review)
Review
This review article was designed to evaluate the existing evidence related to the molecular processes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oral cavity. The World Health Organization stated that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission is produced by respiratory droplets and aerosols from the oral cavity of infected patients. The oral cavity structures, keratinized and non-keratinized mucosa, and salivary glands' epithelia express SARS-CoV-2 entry and transmission factors, especially angiotensin converting enzyme Type 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Replication of the virus in cells leads to local and systemic infection spread, and cellular damage is associated with clinical signs and symptoms of the disease in the oral cavity. Saliva, both the cellular and acellular fractions, holds the virus particles and contributes to COVID-19 transmission. The review also presents information about the factors modifying SARS-CoV-2 infection potential and possible local pharmacotherapeutic interventions, which may confine SARS-CoV-2 virus entry and transmission in the oral cavity. The PubMed and Scopus databases were used to search for suitable keywords such as: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, oral virus infection, saliva, crevicular fluid, salivary gland, tongue, oral mucosa, periodontium, gingiva, dental pulp, ACE2, TMPRSS2, Furin, diagnosis, topical treatment, vaccine and related words in relevant publications up to 28 December 2021. Data extraction and quality evaluation of the articles were performed by two reviewers, and 63 articles were included in the final review.
Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Animals; COVID-19; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa; Pathology, Oral; Receptors, Virus; SARS-CoV-2; Serine Endopeptidases; Signal Transduction; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 35163355
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031431 -
Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic... Dec 2019It has recently become evident that the periodontium (gingiva, desmodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone) and the associated microbiota play a pivotal role in... (Review)
Review
It has recently become evident that the periodontium (gingiva, desmodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone) and the associated microbiota play a pivotal role in regulating human health and diseases. The oral cavity is the second largest microbiota in the body with around 500 different bacterial species identified today. When disruption of oral cavity and dysbiosis occur, the proportion of strict anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria is then increased. Patients with periodontitis present 27 to 53% more risk to develop diabetes than the control population suggesting that periodontitis is an aggravating factor in the incidence of diabetes. Moreover, dysbiosis of oral microbiota is involved in both periodontal and metabolic disorders (cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidaemia …). The oral diabetic dysbiosis is characterized by a specific bacteria Porphyromonas, which is highly expressed in periodontal diseases and could exacerbate insulin resistance. In this review, we will address the nature of the oral microbiota and how it affects systemic pathologies with a bidirectional interaction. We also propose that using prebiotics like Akkermansia muciniphila may influence oral microbiota as novel therapeutic strategies. The discovery of the implication of oral microbiota for the control of metabolic diseases could be a new way for personalized medicine.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Mouth; Periodontitis; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31741266
DOI: 10.1007/s11154-019-09526-8 -
Journal of Oral Biosciences Mar 2020Periodic patterning of iterative structures is diverse across the animal kingdom. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of these structures helps... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Periodic patterning of iterative structures is diverse across the animal kingdom. Clarifying the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of these structures helps to elucidate the genetic commonality of developmental processes, as organs with these structures are believed to share the same molecular mechanisms and fundamental processes. Palatal rugae are periodic corrugated structures on the hard palate and are conserved in all mammals. Although the numbers and patterns of the palatal rugae are species specific, they are consistent in each mammalian species, except humans.
HIGHLIGHT
Palatal rugae development is thus under strict genetic control in most mammals and is an excellent model to investigate the genetic commonality of developmental processes to form periodic patterning.
CONCLUSION
This review highlights the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of palatal rugae development.
Topics: Animals; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Palate, Hard
PubMed: 31862387
DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2019.12.002 -
Oral Oncology Oct 2021Oral cancer treatment reportedly causes decreased oral function, but few studies have examined the effects of oral cancer treatment on oral function in depth. This study...
OBJECTIVES
Oral cancer treatment reportedly causes decreased oral function, but few studies have examined the effects of oral cancer treatment on oral function in depth. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the oral function after treatment and classify the conditions related to oral dysfunction in patients with oral cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We recruited participants, collected their background data, and evaluated their oral function from September 2019 to March 2021. Principal component analysis was used to identify the components of oral function measurement and oral health perception. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to investigate the accuracy of oral function measurements in predicting oral intake and nutritional status.
RESULTS
Fifty patients treated for oral cancer, including 33 (66.0%) males and 17 (34.0%) females, were included. Their median age was 71.0 years (interquartile range: 63.0-76.0). There were significant differences in oral dryness between males and females, occlusal force among different age groups, tongue pressure based on the tumor stage and performance of reconstructive procedures, and masticatory function and Eating Assessment Tool scores based on whether radiotherapy was performed (P < 0.05). The principal component analysis proposed that oral function measurements and subjective oral health perception could be divided into three main components (transport, oral hygiene, and occlusion type), which explain 61.5% of the variance of the phenomenon.
CONCLUSION
A significant decrease in oral function after oral cancer treatment should be diagnosed as postoperative oral dysfunction. Postoperative oral dysfunction can be classified into three types, each of which may present with different pathologies.
Topics: Aged; Bite Force; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth; Mouth Neoplasms; Postoperative Complications; Pressure; Tongue
PubMed: 34314945
DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105468 -
Journal of Dental Research Nov 2019Oral supra- and subgingival biofilms are complex communities in which hundreds of bacteria, viruses, and fungi reside and interact. In these social environments,... (Review)
Review
Oral supra- and subgingival biofilms are complex communities in which hundreds of bacteria, viruses, and fungi reside and interact. In these social environments, microbes compete and cooperate for resources, such as living space and nutrients. The metabolic activities of bacteria can transform their microenvironment and dynamically influence the fitness and growth of cohabitating organisms. Biofilm communities are temporally and spatially organized largely due to cell-to-cell communication, which promotes synergistic interactions. Metabolic interactions maintain biofilm homeostasis through mutualistic cross-feeding, metabolic syntrophy, and cross-respiration. These interactions include reciprocal metabolite exchanges that promote the growth of physiologically compatible bacteria, processive catabolism of complex substrates, and unidirectional interactions that are globally important for the polymicrobial community. Additionally, oral bacterial interactions can lead to detoxification of oxidative compounds, which will provide protection to the community at large. It has also been established that specific organisms provide terminal electron acceptors to partner species that result in a shift from fermentation to respiration, thus increasing ATP yields and improving fitness. Indeed, many interspecies relationships are multidimensional, and the net outcome can be spatially and temporally dependent. Cross-kingdom interactions also occur as oral yeast are antagonistic to some oral bacteria, while numerous mutualistic interactions contribute to yeast-bacterial colonization, fitness in the oral community, and the pathogenesis of caries. Consideration of this social environment reveals behaviors and phenotypes that are not apparent through the study of microbes in isolation. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the metabolic interactions that shape the oral microbial community.
Topics: Bacteria; Biofilms; Humans; Microbial Interactions; Microbiota; Mouth; Signal Transduction; Yeasts
PubMed: 31356756
DOI: 10.1177/0022034519866440 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Sep 2023Perineurioma (PN) is an uncommon benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor. For the rarity of this tumor in the oral cavity, otolaryngologists and oral surgeons might not be...
Perineurioma (PN) is an uncommon benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor. For the rarity of this tumor in the oral cavity, otolaryngologists and oral surgeons might not be familiar with this entity. Perineuriomas are typically benign and complete excision is deemed adequate management. Thus, their histological recognition is mandatory to avoid unnecessary overtreatment. We report the clinicopathologic findings of an uncommon variant, the Extraneural Sclerosing PN, in an unusual and never described site, the tongue.
Topics: Humans; Tongue; Mouth; Nerve Sheath Neoplasms; Cranial Nerve Neoplasms
PubMed: 34074156
DOI: 10.1177/01455613211020539 -
Future Microbiology Nov 2020Oral candidiasis are among the most common noncommunicable diseases, related with serious local and systemic illnesses. Although these infections can occur in all kinds... (Review)
Review
Oral candidiasis are among the most common noncommunicable diseases, related with serious local and systemic illnesses. Although these infections can occur in all kinds of patients, they are more recurrent in immunosuppressed ones such as patients with HIV, hepatitis, cancer or under long antimicrobial treatments. continues to be the most frequently identified spp. in these disorders, but other non- are rising. Understanding the immune responses involved in oral spp. infections is a key feature to a successful treatment and to the design of novel therapies. In this review, we performed a literature search in PubMed and WoS, in order to examine and analyze common oral spp.-bacteria/ interactions and the host immunity response in oral candidiasis.
Topics: Animals; Candida albicans; Candidiasis, Oral; Humans; Microbial Interactions; Microbiota; Mouth
PubMed: 33251818
DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0113