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Biotechnology Advances 2022The human microbiome comprises thousands of microbial species that live in and on the body and play critical roles in human health and disease. Recent findings on the... (Review)
Review
The human microbiome comprises thousands of microbial species that live in and on the body and play critical roles in human health and disease. Recent findings on the interplay among members of the oral microbiome, defined by a personalized set of microorganisms, have elucidated the role of bacteria and yeasts in oral health and diseases including dental caries, halitosis, and periodontal infections. However, the majority of these studies rely on traditional culturing methods which are limited in their ability of replicating the oral microenvironment, and therefore fail to evaluate key microbial interactions in microbiome dynamics. Novel culturing methods have emerged to address this shortcoming. Here, we reviewed the potential of droplet-based microfluidics as an alternative approach for culturing microorganisms and assessing the oral microbiome dynamics. We discussed the state of the art and recent progress in the field of oral microbiology. Although at its infancy, droplet-based microtechnology presents an interesting potential for elucidating oral microbial dynamics and pathophysiology. We highlight how new findings provided by current microfluidic-based methodologies could advance the investigation of the oral microbiome. We anticipate that our work involving the droplet-based microfluidic technique with a semipermeable membrane will lay the foundations for future microbial dynamics studies and further expand the knowledge of the oral microbiome and its implication in oral health.
Topics: Bacteria; Dental Caries; Humans; Microbial Interactions; Microbiota; Mouth
PubMed: 34990774
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107903 -
Journal of Advanced Research May 2024Oral health is of fundamental importance to maintain systemic health in humans. Stem cell-based oral tissue regeneration is a promising strategy to achieve the recovery... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Oral health is of fundamental importance to maintain systemic health in humans. Stem cell-based oral tissue regeneration is a promising strategy to achieve the recovery of impaired oral tissue. As a highly conserved process of lysosomal degradation, autophagy induction regulates stem cell function physiologically and pathologically. Autophagy activation can serve as a cytoprotective mechanism in stressful environments, while insufficient or over-activation may also lead to cell function dysregulation and cell death.
AIM OF REVIEW
This review focuses on the effects of autophagy on stem cell function and oral tissue regeneration, with particular emphasis on diverse roles of autophagy in different oral tissues, including periodontal tissue, bone tissue, dentin pulp tissue, oral mucosa, salivary gland, maxillofacial muscle, temporomandibular joint, etc. Additionally, this review introduces the molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy during the regeneration of different parts of oral tissue, and how autophagy can be regulated by small molecule drugs, biomaterials, exosomes/RNAs or other specific treatments. Finally, this review discusses new perspectives for autophagy manipulation and oral tissue regeneration.
KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW
Overall, this review emphasizes the contribution of autophagy to oral tissue regeneration and highlights the possible approaches for regulating autophagy to promote the regeneration of human oral tissue.
Topics: Humans; Autophagy; Regeneration; Stem Cells; Animals; Mouth; Tissue Engineering; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 37356803
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.06.010 -
Current Opinion in Otolaryngology &... Aug 2023Oral cavity reconstruction using local flaps is an area of head and neck surgery that has been overshadowed since the introduction of free flaps. Here, we discuss new... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Oral cavity reconstruction using local flaps is an area of head and neck surgery that has been overshadowed since the introduction of free flaps. Here, we discuss new developments, predominantly modifications to existing techniques for intraoral reconstruction, the utility of different local flaps and a review of functional outcomes.
RECENT FINDINGS
The facial artery musculomucosal (FAMM) flap has seen the greatest number of modifications to technique, most notably the extended double-pedicled, kite-shaped tunnelized and osseous myomucosal approaches. The tunnelled buccal fat pad flap has gained popularity as well as the use of combining two flaps such as the buccal fat pad and palatal island flap to reconstruct oral cavity defects with good effect. There is still a paucity of literature surrounding functional outcomes post reconstruction. Despite this, the complication rate for local flaps remains low.
SUMMARY
The value of intraoral flaps for oral cavity reconstruction is undisputed. However, they are potentially underutilised in the modern era of expanding availability and indications for free tissue transfer. As many practices see greater numbers of aging patients, often with multisystem comorbidities, local flaps are an important tool that can provide the surgeon with a greater number of reconstructive options.
Topics: Humans; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Mouth; Free Tissue Flaps
PubMed: 36942833
DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000000884 -
Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 2023Oral cavity drug and vaccine delivery has the potential for local targeting, dose reduction, minimization of systemic side effects, and generation of mucosal immunity.... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Oral cavity drug and vaccine delivery has the potential for local targeting, dose reduction, minimization of systemic side effects, and generation of mucosal immunity. To overcome current limitations of delivery into the oral cavity mucosa, microneedles (MNs) have emerged as a promising technology.
AREAS COVERED
We reviewed the literature on MN application in the oral cavity, including in vitro studies, in vivo animal studies, and human clinical trials.
EXPERT OPINION
MNs are sufficiently robust to cross the oral cavity epithelium and nearly painless when applied to different parts of the human oral mucosa including the lip, cheek, tongue, and palate. In recent years, MNs have been evaluated for different applications, including vaccination, topical anesthetic delivery, and treatment of local oral pathologies such as oral lesions or carcinomas. MNs are attractive because they have the potential to produce a better treatment outcome with reduced side effects. Over the coming years, we project a significant increase in research related to the development of MNs for use in dentistry and other medical conditions of the mouth.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Mouth; Vaccination; Drug Delivery Systems; Needles; Administration, Cutaneous
PubMed: 37781735
DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2264189 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2020Adult stem cells have been developed as therapeutics for tissue regeneration and immune regulation due to their self-renewing, differentiating, and paracrine functions.... (Review)
Review
Adult stem cells have been developed as therapeutics for tissue regeneration and immune regulation due to their self-renewing, differentiating, and paracrine functions. Recently, a variety of adult stem cells from the oral cavity have been discovered, and these dental stem cells mostly exhibit the characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Dental MSCs can be applied for the replacement of dental and oral tissues against various tissue-damaging conditions including dental caries, periodontitis, and oral cancers, as well as for systemic regulation of excessive inflammation in immune disorders, such as autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity. Therefore, in this review, we summarized and updated the types of dental stem cells and their functions to exert therapeutic efficacy against diseases.
Topics: Adult Stem Cells; Dental Caries; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mouth; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 32575639
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124389 -
Biologia Futura Dec 2021More than 6 billion bacteria and other microorganisms live in the adult oral cavity. As a result of any deleterious effect on this community, some microorganisms will...
More than 6 billion bacteria and other microorganisms live in the adult oral cavity. As a result of any deleterious effect on this community, some microorganisms will survive better than others, which may trigger pathogenic processes like caries, halitosis, gingivitis or periodontitis. Oral dysbiosis is among the most frequent human health hazards globally. Quality of life of patients deteriorates notably, while treatments are often unpleasant, expensive and irreversible, e.g. tooth loss. In the experiments reported here, we investigated the individual interactions between 8 pathogenic and 8 probiotic strains and a commercially available probiotic product. Almost all pathogens, namely Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Enterococcus faecalis and Prevotella buccae are pathogens frequently occurring in the oral cavity. The used probiotic strains were Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Bifidobacterium thermophilum and two Streptococcus dentisani isolates. Using a modified agar diffusion method, we investigated capability of the probiotic bacteria to prevent the growth of the pathogenic ones in order to identify candidates for future therapeutic treatments. The results indicated successful bacteriocin production, i.e. growth inhibition, against every pathogenic bacterium by at least 5 probiotic strains.
Topics: Antibiosis; Humans; Mouth; Periodontitis; Probiotics; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34554489
DOI: 10.1007/s42977-021-00091-3 -
NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes Nov 2022Growing evidence suggests altered oral and gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but little is known about the alterations and roles of phages, especially...
Growing evidence suggests altered oral and gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but little is known about the alterations and roles of phages, especially within the oral microbiota in ASD subjects. We enrolled ASD (n = 26) and neurotypical subjects (n = 26) with their oral hygiene controlled, and the metagenomes of both oral and fecal samples (n = 104) are shotgun-sequenced and compared. We observe extensive and diverse oral phageome comparable to that of the gut, and clear signals of mouth-to-gut phage strain transfer within individuals. However, the overall phageomes of the two sites are widely different and show even less similarity in the oral communities between ASD and control subjects. The ASD oral phageome exhibits significantly reduced abundance and alpha diversity, but the Streptococcal phages there are atypically enriched, often dominating the community. The over-representation of Streptococcal phages is accompanied by enriched oral Streptococcal virulence factors and Streptococcus bacteria, all exhibiting a positive correlation with the severity of ASD clinical manifestations. These changes are not observed in the parallel sampling of the gut flora, suggesting a previously unknown oral-specific association between the excessive Streptococcal phage enrichment and ASD pathogenesis. The findings provide new evidence for the independent microbiome-mouth-brain connection, deepen our understanding of how the growth dynamics of bacteriophages and oral microbiota contribute to ASD, and point to novel effective therapeutics.
Topics: Humans; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Streptococcus Phages; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mouth; Bacteriophages
PubMed: 36400799
DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00355-3 -
European Review For Medical and... Jul 2021The human being has evolved in close symbiosis with its own ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria. After the intestinal microbiome, that... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The human being has evolved in close symbiosis with its own ecological community of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria. After the intestinal microbiome, that of the oral cavity is the largest and most diversified. Its importance is reflected not only in local and systemic diseases, but also in pregnancy since it would seem to influence the placental microbiome.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This is a literature review of articles published in PubMed about Fusobacterium Nucleatum and both its implications with systemic and oral health, adverse pregnancy outcomes, flavors perception and its interference in the oral-nasal mucosal immunity.
RESULTS
It is in maintaining the microbiome's homeostasis that the Fusobacterium nucleatum, an opportunistic periodontal pathogen of the oral cavity, plays a crucial role both as a bridge microorganism of the tongue biofilm, and in maintaining the balance between the different species in the oral-nasal mucosal immunity also by taste receptors interaction. It is also involved in the flavor perception and its detection in the oral microbiome of children from the first days of life suggests a possible physiological role. However, the dysbiosis can determine its pathogenicity with local and systemic consequences, including the pathogenesis of respiratory infections.
CONCLUSIONS
It is interesting to evaluate its possible correlation with Sars-CoV-2 and the consequences on the microflora of the oral cavity, both to promote a possible broad-spectrum preventive action, in favor of all subjects for whom, by promoting the eubiosis of the oral microbiome, a defensive action could be envisaged by the commensals themselves but, above all, for patients with specific comorbidities and therefore already prone to oral dysbiosis.
Topics: COVID-19; Female; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Humans; Mouth; Pregnancy
PubMed: 34286500
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202107_26251 -
Phytotherapy Research : PTR Jul 2021Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) resulting from bacterial infection is a prevalent medical problem in intensive care units (ICUs). The purpose of this study was to... (Review)
Review
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) resulting from bacterial infection is a prevalent medical problem in intensive care units (ICUs). The purpose of this study was to systematically review available studies on oral products employed to control and reduce VAP in patients undergoing tracheal intubation. This study was based on a systematic review of clinical trial data from science databases such as PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of science. Articles were reviewed and selected according to defined criteria and assessed by the primary evaluation checklist. After a critical review of 3,143 search hits, only 18 relevant articles were finally selected for discussion. Our assessment revealed that chlorhexidine and some other oral herbal medications are beneficial in preventing VAP. Chlorhexidine oral dosage forms provide a remarkable role in oral health and prevention of VAP by decreasing the microbial flora in the mouth. Because of similar benefits and comparable effects, some herbal medicines can be suggested as a practical alternative to chlorhexidine.
Topics: Chlorhexidine; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Mouth; Oral Hygiene; Phytotherapy; Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated
PubMed: 33891776
DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7060 -
Dermatologic Clinics Oct 2020Clinicians should be knowledgeable about the anatomy of the oral cavity and variations of normal because of oral and systemic health connections. This article presents... (Review)
Review
Clinicians should be knowledgeable about the anatomy of the oral cavity and variations of normal because of oral and systemic health connections. This article presents an overview of normal and variations of normal anatomy of the oral cavity.
Topics: Anatomic Variation; Exostoses; Gingiva; Humans; Lip; Mandible; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Palate; Physical Examination; Salivary Glands; Tongue; Tooth
PubMed: 32892849
DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2020.05.001