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NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes Jul 2023The oral cavity harbors highly diverse communities of microorganisms. However, the number of isolated species and high-quality genomes is limited. Here we present a...
The oral cavity harbors highly diverse communities of microorganisms. However, the number of isolated species and high-quality genomes is limited. Here we present a Cultivated Oral Bacteria Genome Reference (COGR), comprising 1089 high-quality genomes based on large-scale aerobic and anaerobic cultivation of human oral bacteria isolated from dental plaques, tongue, and saliva. COGR covers five phyla and contains 195 species-level clusters of which 95 include 315 genomes representing species with no taxonomic annotation. The oral microbiota differs markedly between individuals, with 111 clusters being person-specific. Genes encoding CAZymes are abundant in the genomes of COGR. Members of the Streptococcus genus make up the largest proportion of COGR and many of these harbor entire pathways for quorum sensing important for biofilm formation. Several clusters containing unknown bacteria are enriched in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, emphasizing the importance of culture-based isolation for characterizing and exploiting oral bacteria.
Topics: Humans; Bacteria; Mouth; Saliva; Microbiota; Streptococcus
PubMed: 37400465
DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00414-3 -
Odontology Oct 2019The indivisible relationship between the human host and its oral microbiome has been shaped throughout the millennia, by facing various changes that have forced the... (Review)
Review
The indivisible relationship between the human host and its oral microbiome has been shaped throughout the millennia, by facing various changes that have forced the adaptation of oral microorganisms to new environmental conditions. In this constant crosstalk between the human host and its microbiome, a bidirectional relationship has been established. The microorganisms provide the host with functions it cannot perform on its own and at the same time the host provides its microbes with a suitable environment for their growth and development. These host factors can positively affect the microbiome, promoting diversity and balance between different species, resulting in a state of symbiosis and absence of pathology. In contrast, other host factors can negatively influence the composition of the oral microbiome and drive the interaction towards a dysbiotic state, where the balance tilts towards a harmful relationship between the host and its microbiome. The aim of this review is to describe the role host factors play in cultivating and maintaining a healthy oral ecology and discuss mechanisms that can prevent its drift towards dysbiosis.
Topics: Dysbiosis; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Symbiosis
PubMed: 30719639
DOI: 10.1007/s10266-019-00413-x -
Pediatric Radiology Jun 2021Magnetic resonance imaging has proved to be an extraordinarily useful adjunct modality in assessment of the fetal face, oral cavity, head and neck because of its... (Review)
Review
Magnetic resonance imaging has proved to be an extraordinarily useful adjunct modality in assessment of the fetal face, oral cavity, head and neck because of its soft-tissue contrast, utility for acquiring more precise planar imaging and the inherent advantage of contrast provided by fluid-filled structures, including the oropharyngeal cavity, nasal passages and vascular structures. In this review, the author presents an organized approach to assessing normal anatomical structures of the fetus. The author presents cystic and solid lesions as well as structural and developmental abnormalities and discusses potential concomitant abnormalities. Prenatal consultation, patient counseling and delivery considerations are included.
Topics: Female; Fetus; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mouth; Neck; Pregnancy; Prenatal Diagnosis
PubMed: 33978788
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04851-6 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2023It is well-recognized that oral biofilms that occur in health and disease have a polymicrobial composition, though these are poorly reflected in the literature, with...
It is well-recognized that oral biofilms that occur in health and disease have a polymicrobial composition, though these are poorly reflected in the literature, with many studies focussing on simple mono-species biofilm model systems. The utility of polymicrobial biofilm model systems is that they more accurately reflect the oral cavity and allow researchers to ask relevant questions in basic science studies, pharmaceutical screening, and investigating inflammatory interactions. Here we describe the detailed methodology of how to sequentially construct and maintain polymicrobial biofilm models pertinent to caries, periodontal disease, and denture stomatitis.
Topics: Biofilms; Microbiota; Bacteria; Mouth; Models, Biological
PubMed: 36418689
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2780-8_12 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020This study focused on documenting characteristics of the gingival transcriptome during various stages of periodontitis targeting genes associated with apoptotic and...
This study focused on documenting characteristics of the gingival transcriptome during various stages of periodontitis targeting genes associated with apoptotic and autophagic pathways and changes that specifically associate with features of the oral microbiome. ( = 18; 12-23 years) were examined at baseline and 0.5, 1, and 3 months of disease progression, as well as 5 months with clinical disease resolution. 16S sequencing and microarray analyses examined changes in the microbiome and gingival transcriptome, respectively, at each time point from every animal. Specific patterns of apoptotic and autophagic genes were identified related to the initiation and progression of disease. The analysis also provided insights on the principal bacteria within the complex microbiome whose abundance was significantly correlated with differences in apoptotic and autophagic gene expression. Bacteria were identified that formed associated complexes with similar effects on the host gene expression profiles. A complex of _unclassifed, _unclassified, sp. 317, and _[G-1] sp. 155 were significantly negatively correlated with both apoptosis and autophagy. Whereas, _[G-1], , and 539 were significantly positively correlated with both pathways, albeit this relationship was primarily associated with pro-apoptotic genes. The findings provide evidence for specific bacteria/bacterial complexes within the oral microbiome that appear to have a more substantive effect on regulating apoptotic and autophagic pathways in the gingival tissues with periodontitis.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Gingiva; Macaca mulatta; Microbiota; Mouth; Periodontitis; Transcriptome
PubMed: 33193408
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585414 -
Annual Review of Microbiology Sep 2019Microbial communities are complex and dynamic, composed of hundreds of taxa interacting across multiple spatial scales. Advances in sequencing and imaging technology... (Review)
Review
Microbial communities are complex and dynamic, composed of hundreds of taxa interacting across multiple spatial scales. Advances in sequencing and imaging technology have led to great strides in understanding both the composition and the spatial organization of these complex communities. In the human mouth, sequencing results indicate that distinct sites host microbial communities that not only are distinguishable but to a meaningful degree are composed of entirely different microbes. Imaging suggests that the spatial organization of these communities is also distinct. Together, the literature supports the idea that most oral microbes are site specialists. A clear understanding of microbiota structure at different sites in the mouth enables mechanistic studies, informs the generation of hypotheses, and strengthens the position of oral microbiology as a model system for microbial ecology in general.
Topics: Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Spatial Analysis
PubMed: 31180804
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062503 -
Journal of Dental Research Sep 2020The dance between microbes and the immune system takes place in all biological systems, including the human body, but this interaction is especially complex in the... (Review)
Review
The dance between microbes and the immune system takes place in all biological systems, including the human body, but this interaction is especially complex in the primary gateway to the body: the oral cavity. Recent advances in technology have enabled deep sequencing and analysis of members and signals of these communities. In a healthy state, the oral microbiome is composed of commensals, and their genes and phenotypes may be selected by the immune system to survive in symbiosis. These highly regulated signals are modulated by a network of microbial and host metabolites. However, in a diseased state, host-microbial networks lead to dysbiosis and considerable burden to the host prior to systemic impact that extends beyond the oral compartment. Interestingly, we presented data demonstrating similarities between human and mice immune dysbiosis and discussed how this affects the host response to similar pathobionts. The host and microbial signatures of a number of disease states are currently being examined to identify potential correlations. How the oral microbiome interacts with inflammation and the immune system to cause disease remains an area of active research. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in understanding the role of oral microbiota in mediating inflammation and altering systemic health and disease. In line with these findings, it is possible that existing conditions may be resolved by targeting specific immune-microbial markers in a positive way.
Topics: Animals; Dysbiosis; Humans; Inflammation; Mice; Microbiota; Mouth; Symbiosis
PubMed: 32459164
DOI: 10.1177/0022034520926126 -
Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging :... Apr 2021Understanding oral cavity and oropharyngeal anatomy is important to identify various pathologies that may afflict them. This article reviews normal magnetic resonance... (Review)
Review
Understanding oral cavity and oropharyngeal anatomy is important to identify various pathologies that may afflict them. This article reviews normal magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of these vital spaces and structures, with special attention to the complex musculature, mucosal surfaces, relevant osseous structures, salivary glands, and nerves. Anatomic awareness of these spaces and critical potential pathways for perineural tumoral spread are important to recognize to improve diagnostic evaluation and treatment.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mouth; Oropharynx
PubMed: 33828059
DOI: 10.1097/RMR.0000000000000282 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Microbiota; Mouth
PubMed: 38739809
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_180_24 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Aug 2023Bacteria derived from the oral cavity enter the bloodstream and cause the onset of various systemic diseases, including heart valve disease. However, information on the...
OBJECTIVES
Bacteria derived from the oral cavity enter the bloodstream and cause the onset of various systemic diseases, including heart valve disease. However, information on the oral bacteria involved in aortic stenosis is limited.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We comprehensively analyzed the microbiota in aortic valve tissues collected from aortic stenosis patients using metagenomic sequencing and investigated the relationships between the valve microbiota, the oral microbiota, and oral cavity conditions.
RESULTS
Metagenomic analysis revealed the presence of 629 bacterial species in five oral plaques and 15 aortic valve clinical specimens. Patients were classified into two groups (A and B) according to their aortic valve microbiota composition using principal coordinate analysis. Examination of the oral conditions of the patients showed no difference in the decayed/missing/filled teeth index. Bacteria in group B tend to be associated with severe disease, and the number of bacteria on the dorsum of the tongue and the positive rate of bleeding during probing were significantly higher in this group than in group A. The pathophysiology of aortic stenosis may be related to the presence of oral bacteria such as Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus sanguinis following bacteremia.
CONCLUSIONS
Systemic inflammation in severe periodontitis may be driven by the oral microbiota, supporting the indirect (inflammatory) association between oral bacteria and aortic stenosis.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Appropriate oral hygiene management may contribute to the prevention and treatment of aortic stenosis.
Topics: Humans; Aortic Valve; Bacteria; Mouth; Aortic Valve Stenosis; Microbiota
PubMed: 37157029
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05053-8