-
PLoS Pathogens Aug 2023Fungal invasion of the oral epithelium is central to the pathogenesis of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). Candida albicans invades the oral epithelium by...
Fungal invasion of the oral epithelium is central to the pathogenesis of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). Candida albicans invades the oral epithelium by receptor-induced endocytosis but this process is incompletely understood. We found that C. albicans infection of oral epithelial cells induces c-Met to form a multi-protein complex with E-cadherin and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). E-cadherin is necessary for C. albicans to activate both c-Met and EGFR and to induce the endocytosis of C. albicans. Proteomics analysis revealed that c-Met interacts with C. albicans Hyr1, Als3 and Ssa1. Both Hyr1 and Als3 are required for C. albicans to stimulate c-Met and EGFR in oral epithelial cells in vitro and for full virulence during OPC in mice. Treating mice with small molecule inhibitors of c-Met and EGFR ameliorates OPC, demonstrating the potential therapeutic efficacy of blocking these host receptors for C. albicans.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Candida albicans; Cell Membrane; ErbB Receptors; Cadherins; Candidiasis, Oral; Epithelial Cells
PubMed: 37611070
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011579 -
Pharmaceutics May 2021Thousands of microorganisms coexist within the human microbiota. However, certain conditions can predispose the organism to the overgrowth of specific pathogens that... (Review)
Review
Thousands of microorganisms coexist within the human microbiota. However, certain conditions can predispose the organism to the overgrowth of specific pathogens that further lead to opportunistic infections. One of the most common such imbalances in the normal oral flora is the excessive growth of spp., which produces oral candidiasis. In immunocompromised individuals, this fungal infection can reach the systemic level and become life-threatening. Hence, prompt and efficient treatment must be administered. Traditional antifungal agents, such as polyenes, azoles, and echinocandins, may often result in severe adverse effects, regardless of the administration form. Therefore, novel treatments have to be developed and implemented in clinical practice. In this regard, the present paper focuses on the newest therapeutic options against oral infections, reviewing compounds and biomaterials with inherent antifungal properties, improved materials for dental prostheses and denture adhesives, drug delivery systems, and combined approaches towards developing the optimum treatment.
PubMed: 34072188
DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060803 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Oral candidiasis remains a common problem in HIV-infected individuals, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we performed the first study in Chad on the prevalence of...
Oral candidiasis remains a common problem in HIV-infected individuals, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we performed the first study in Chad on the prevalence of oral yeasts carriage and oral candidiasis in HIV-positive subjects from southern Chad and analyzed the influence of HAART, CD4 T-cell numbers, and antimycotics in 589 patients. These patients were recruited from a specialized medical center for HIV patients in Sarh and from a rural medical health dispensary in the vicinity, including a total of 384 HIV-positive and 205 HIV-negative individuals. Yeasts obtained from oral specimen were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and their antifungal susceptibility profiles determined. The overall prevalence of yeast colonization and symptomatic oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients was 25.1%. The prevalence of oral candidiasis was higher in untreated than in HAART-treated HIV-positive patients (16% vs. 2%; < 0.01). Oral candidiasis was furthermore associated with high fungal burdens of and a CD4 T-cell number <200/μl. A shift toward non species was observed under nucleoside-based HAART therapy. Azole antifungal drug resistance was only observed for the intrinsically resistant species and . Prevalence of oral candidiasis in the studied area was very low. The species distribution was similar to other countries around the world, with being dominant. was not isolated. Nucleoside-based HAART therapy significantly reduced oral colonization as well as occurrence of oral candidiasis caused by and led to a species shift toward non- species. Antifungal resistance was not yet a concern in Chad.
PubMed: 35250957
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.844069 -
Brazilian Oral Research 2020Here, the prevalence of oral candidiasis and denture stomatitis among diabetic patients compared to healthy ones was summarized through a systematic review with... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Here, the prevalence of oral candidiasis and denture stomatitis among diabetic patients compared to healthy ones was summarized through a systematic review with meta-analysis. Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs, Cochrane Library, Embase, and the grey literature were searched without restriction, until May 2020. Eligibility criteria were established, data were extracted, and quality assessment was conducted by two trained examiners. Qualitative synthesis was based on the recommendations of Fowkes and Fulton. Two meta-analyses were performed on studies investigating patients with: a) oral candidiasis and b) denture stomatitis. Out of 6034 screened studies, seven were eligible for qualitative and quantitative synthesis; of these, three evaluated oral candidiasis and four evaluated denture stomatitis. Qualitative synthesis showed that the main methodological problems of the studies included sample size, source of controls, matching, and randomization. Diabetic patients had a similar chance of developing oral candidiasis to non-diabetic patients (OR1.40 [0.96; 2.04], p = 0.08, I2 = 94%). However, diabetic patients had a higher chance to present denture stomatitis compared to non-diabetic patients (OR 1.92 [1.42, 2.59] p < 0.0001, I2 = 0%). Therefore, diabetic patients have a higher chance of developing denture stomatitis compared to non-diabetic patients. However, for all analyses, the certainty of the evidence was considered to be very low.
Topics: Candidiasis, Oral; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Stomatitis, Denture
PubMed: 32965459
DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2020.vol34.0113 -
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial... 2022Oral candidiasis is the most common opportunistic infection affecting the oral mucosa. Most commonly, the lesions are caused by and other organisms isolated are , ,...
CONTEXT
Oral candidiasis is the most common opportunistic infection affecting the oral mucosa. Most commonly, the lesions are caused by and other organisms isolated are , , and . As an opportunistic infection, it is seen affecting the young, old and debilitating people. This infection is seen to be enervative, exhausting and crippling; a few routinely employed antifungal agents are used in our study.
AIMS
We aimed to compare the clinical and mycological effectiveness of topical fluconazole and clotrimazole in the treatment of oral candidiasis.
SETTINGS AND DESIGN
A total of 40 subjects were taken and randomly divided into two groups of 20 each. Group 1 included patients treated with topical clotrimazole and Group 2 included patients treated with topical fluconazole.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Patients were graded according to severity, and swab was taken for species identification and colony count. Patients were treated with clotrimazole and fluconazole according to their group they were also assessed post treatment for clinical signs and colony count changes.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED
Data were analyzed using the statistical package SPSS 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and the level of significance was set at < 0.05. Descriptive statistics was performed to assess the mean and standard deviation of the respective groups.
RESULTS
The clinical resolution rate of 80% and 100% was noted in the clotrimazole and fluconazole groups, respectively. The mycological cure rate of 82.52% and 86.38% was noted in the clotrimazole and fluconazole groups, respectively. Statistically significant results were obtained in clinical resolution rates and no significant results were obtained when mycological cure rates were compared.
CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that the clinical cure rate of fluconazole is slightly better than clotrimazole while mycological cure rate was approximately similar.
PubMed: 37082052
DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_266_21 -
BMC Oral Health May 2023We investigated the association between oral candidiasis prevalence and cigarette, tobacco, alcohol, and opium consumption in Rafsanjan, a region in the southeast of...
BACKGROUND
We investigated the association between oral candidiasis prevalence and cigarette, tobacco, alcohol, and opium consumption in Rafsanjan, a region in the southeast of Iran.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study was conducted using the data of Oral Health Branch of Rafsanjan Cohort Study (OHBRCS) as a part of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS). RCS included in Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN (PERSIAN) was begun in 2015 in the Rafsanjan. A full-mouth examination was done by trained dental specialists. Oral candidiasis was diagnosed based on clinical examination. Information about cigarette, tobacco, and opium smoking and alcohol consumption were collected based on data from self-reported questionaries. Univariate and multivariate dichotomous logistics regression were used to assess the association between oral candidiasis and cigarette, tobacco, alcohol, and opium consumption.
RESULTS
Among 8682 participants with mean age of 49.94 years, the prevalence of oral candidiasis was 7.94%. There was a direct association between cigarette smoking in current and former cigarette smokers with an increased odds of oral candidiasis (OR: 3.26, 95% CI: 2.46-4.33 and OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.18-2.25 respectively) in fully adjusted models. There was a dose-response relationship between the odds of oral candidiasis and dose (OR: 3.31, 95% CI: 2.38-4.60), duration (OR: 2.48, 95% CI: 2.04-3.95) and number (OR: 3.01, 95% CI: 2.02-4.50) of cigarette smoking in the 4th quartile compared to reference group.
CONCLUSIONS
A dose-response relationship was shown between cigarette smoking and increased odds of oral candidiasis.
Topics: Humans; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Opium; Cohort Studies; Prospective Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Iran; Candidiasis, Oral; Alcohol Drinking; Ethanol; Tobacco Products
PubMed: 37147684
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02969-1 -
Oral Diseases Mar 2020Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease leading to destruction of periodontal tissues. As a local inflammation, periodontopathic bacterium,... (Review)
Review
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease leading to destruction of periodontal tissues. As a local inflammation, periodontopathic bacterium, pro-inflammatory mediators, and local immune response play pivotal role in the progress of periodontal disease. Besides, cigarette smoke has long been associated with periodontal disease and tooth loss. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process highly conserved from yeast to humans. As a lysosomal degradation pathway of self-digestion, it is critical for maintaining cells homeostasis and development. The role of autophagy has been investigated in oral diseases, such as oral cancer, periapical lesions, and oral candidiasis. Recently, increasing studies investigated the role of autophagy in periodontal disease. In this review, we try to illustrate the effect of autophagy on periodontal disease pathogenesis from 5 aspects: autophagy affects the intracellular infection and survival of bacteria; autophagy has an interaction with periodontal inflammation; autophagy is pivotal in periodontal cells biology and periodontal tissues destruction and reconstruction; autophagy can be induced by cigarette smoke; last but not least, autophagy may affect periodontal disease via endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Topics: Autophagosomes; Autophagy; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Humans; Inflammation; Lysosomes; Periodontal Diseases
PubMed: 30674085
DOI: 10.1111/odi.13045 -
PloS One 2023Overgrowth of Candida yeasts in the oral cavity may result in the development of oral thrush in immunocompromised individuals. This study analyzed the diversity and...
Overgrowth of Candida yeasts in the oral cavity may result in the development of oral thrush in immunocompromised individuals. This study analyzed the diversity and richness of the oral mycobiota of patients clinically diagnosed with oral thrush (OT), follow-up of oral thrush patients after antifungal therapy (AT), and healthy controls (HC). Oral rinse and oral swab samples were collected from 38 OT patients, 21 AT patients, and 41 healthy individuals (HC). Pellet from the oral rinse and oral swab were used for the isolation of oral Candida yeasts on Brilliance Candida Agar followed by molecular speciation. ITS1 amplicon sequencing using Illumina MiSeq was performed on DNA extracted from the oral rinse pellet of 16 OT, 7 AT, and 7 HC oral rinse samples. Trimmed sequence data were taxonomically grouped and analyzed using the CLC Microbial Genomics Module workflow. Candida yeasts were isolated at significantly higher rates from oral rinse and swab samples of OT (68.4%, p < 0.001) and AT (61.9%, p = 0.012) patients, as compared to HC (26.8%). Predominance of Candida albicans specifically, was noted in OT (60.5%, p < 0.001) and AT (42.9%, p = 0.006) vs. HC (9.8%), while non-albicans Candida species was dominant in HC. Analysis of oral mycobiota from OT patients showed the presence of 8 phyla, 222 genera, and 309 fungal species. Low alpha diversity (Shannon index, p = 0.006; Chao-1 biased corrected index, p = 0.01), varied beta diversity (Bray-Curtis, p = 0.01986; Jaccard, p = 0.02766; Weighted UniFrac, p = 0.00528), and increased relative abundance of C. albicans (p = 3.18E-02) was significantly associated with the oral mycobiota of OT vs. HC. This study supported that C. albicans is the main etiological agent in oral thrush and highlights the association of fungal biodiversity with the pathophysiology of oral thrush.
Topics: Humans; Candidiasis, Oral; Candida; Candida albicans; Agar; Antifungal Agents
PubMed: 37068057
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284043 -
Drugs May 2024Although several biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), including interleukin (IL)-17A inhibitors, are approved for psoriatic arthritis, the... (Review)
Review
Although several biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), including interleukin (IL)-17A inhibitors, are approved for psoriatic arthritis, the treatment of this disease remains suboptimal. Bimekizumab (Bimzelx), a dual IL-17A and IL-17F inhibitor, is approved in the EU, Great Britain and Japan for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. In pivotal phase 3 clinical trials in patients who were bDMARD-naïve or previously had an inadequate response or intolerance to tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α inhibitors, bimekizumab improved the signs and symptoms of psoriatic arthritis across a range of joint, skin, radiographic and patient-reported outcomes compared with placebo, including the proportion of patients achieving a ≥ 50% response in the American College of Rheumatology criteria. Phase 2 clinical trial data have shown that responses are maintained up to 3 years. Bimekizumab was generally well tolerated in patients with psoriatic arthritis, with a safety profile consistent with that in other approved indications. The most common adverse events included nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, oral candidiasis, headache and diarrhoea. In conclusion, bimekizumab extends the treatment options available to patients with psoriatic arthritis.
Topics: Humans; Arthritis, Psoriatic; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Interleukin-17; Antirheumatic Agents
PubMed: 38703349
DOI: 10.1007/s40265-024-02026-3 -
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences... Jan 2023The mouth is a vital point of entry into the human body, the health of the mouth entails mental, physical as well as social well-being. Studying diseases, microbiota and... (Review)
Review
The mouth is a vital point of entry into the human body, the health of the mouth entails mental, physical as well as social well-being. Studying diseases, microbiota and environmental conditions of the mouth is important to maintain oral health and all body. The smoke of tobacco cigarettes is one of the worst habits that affect the health of the mouth and the body. Therefore, this review has been conducted to study the effect of smoking on the balance of the oral microbiota and the opportunistic organisms, one of the most important of them <i>Candida</i>. Although a few studies have found that cigarette smoking does not influence carriage by <i>Candida</i> significantly. However, most of the studies had results completely contrary to that, smoking cigarettes affect <i>Candida</i> pathogenic characteristics such as a transition from yeast to hyphal form, biofilm formation and, virulence-related gene expressions. Tobacco is not only an inducer of the transition process but it considers an excellent medium for this process. Furthermore, smoking was significantly associated with <i>Candida</i> pathogenicity in patients with clinically suspected oral leukoplakia and smoking worsens oral candidiasis and dampens epithelial cell defense response. Nicotine significantly altered the composition and proportion of yeast cells, as well as the extracellular polysaccharide amounts which increase biofilm matrix and thickness which could promote oral candidiasis. Smoking has the potential to alter the oral condition and cause severe oxidative stress, thereby damaging the epithelial barrier of the mouth. These oxidative molecules during smoking activate epithelial cells proteins called oxidative stress-sensing proteins. If some of these proteins induced, widely thought to have anti-inflammatory properties, inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and are linked to inflammation and oxidative stress is thought to be a possible therapeutic objective and a crucial regulator for smoking-related oral diseases and mouth candidiasis for instance leukoplakia. Also, it is transported into the cell nucleus in the existence of additional electrophilic chemicals to activate antioxidant enzyme gene expression. Therefore, smoking cigarettes destroys oral health and consequently destroys the health of the whole body.
Topics: Humans; Candidiasis, Oral; Smokers; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Smoking; Candida
PubMed: 37129200
DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2023.1.14