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Science Immunology Jan 2020The oral mucosa is a primary barrier site and a portal for entry of microbes, food, and airborne particles into the gastrointestinal tract. Nonetheless, mucosal immunity... (Review)
Review
The oral mucosa is a primary barrier site and a portal for entry of microbes, food, and airborne particles into the gastrointestinal tract. Nonetheless, mucosal immunity at this barrier remains understudied compared with other anatomical barrier sites. Here, we review basic aspects of oral mucosal histology, the oral microbiome, and common and clinically significant diseases that present at oral mucosal barriers. We particularly focus on the role of interleukin-17 (IL-17)/T helper 17 (T17) responses in protective immunity and inflammation in the oral mucosa. IL-17/T17 responses are highly relevant to maintaining barrier integrity and preventing pathogenic infections by the oral commensal fungus On the other hand, aberrant IL-17/T17 responses are implicated in driving the pathogenesis of periodontitis and consequent bone and tooth loss. We discuss distinct IL-17-secreting T cell subsets, emphasizing their regulation and function in oropharyngeal candidiasis and periodontitis.
Topics: Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Interleukin-17; Microbiota; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Th17 Cells
PubMed: 31901072
DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau4594 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2022Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a complex chronic neuropathic orofacial pain disorder characterized by a generalized or localized intraoral burning, dysesthetic... (Review)
Review
Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a complex chronic neuropathic orofacial pain disorder characterized by a generalized or localized intraoral burning, dysesthetic sensation or pain of the oral mucosa, recurring daily for more than 2 h per day for more than 3 months, without any evidence of specific mucosal lesions and/or laboratory findings [...].
Topics: Humans; Burning Mouth Syndrome; Causality; Mouth Mucosa; Neuralgia
PubMed: 36613002
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010682 -
Mucosal Immunology Nov 2021Oral mucosal disease (OMD), which is also called soft tissue oral disease, is described as a series of disorders or conditions affecting the mucosa and soft tissue in... (Review)
Review
Oral mucosal disease (OMD), which is also called soft tissue oral disease, is described as a series of disorders or conditions affecting the mucosa and soft tissue in the oral cavity. Its etiology is unclear, but emerging evidence has implicated the influence of the composition of the oral mucosa and saliva-resident microbiota. In turn, this dysbiosis effects the immune response balance and epithelial barrier function, followed by the occurrence and progression of OMD. In addition, oral microbial dysbiosis is diverse in different types of diseases and different disease progressions, suggesting that key causal pathogens may exist in various oral pathologies. This narrative literature review primarily discusses the most recent findings focusing on how microbial dysbiosis communicates with mucosal adaptive immune cells and the epithelial barrier in the context of five representative OMDs, including oral candidiasis (OC), oral lichen planus (OLP), recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU), oral leukoplakia (OLK), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), to provide new insight into the pathogenetic mechanisms of OMDs.
Topics: Animals; Biodiversity; Cell Communication; Disease Susceptibility; Dysbiosis; Homeostasis; Host Microbial Interactions; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune System; Immunity, Mucosal; Microbial Interactions; Microbiota; Mouth Mucosa; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34040155
DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00413-7 -
Future Oncology (London, England) Mar 2021The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the impact of oral health on quality of life in oral cancer patients (OCPs). PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the impact of oral health on quality of life in oral cancer patients (OCPs). PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched for publications on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in OCP and the information was extracted according to the PRISMA guidelines. A random effect model was used to obtain the pooled standard mean differences of Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)-14 questionnaire responses in meta-analysis. total of 12 research papers were analyzed and revealed poor OHRQoL in OCPs (standard mean difference: 2.53; 95% CI: 1.55-3.50; p < 0.00001) compared with healthy individuals due to the effects of oncotherapy. Moreover, OHRQoL deteriorated with combinations of different treatment modalities. Oral health and oncotherapy can affect the quality of life in OCPs.
Topics: Chemoradiotherapy; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Neoplasms; Oral Health; Quality of Life; Radiation Injuries; Salivation; Stomatitis; Surveys and Questionnaires; Treatment Outcome; Xerostomia
PubMed: 33541115
DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0881 -
Oral Oncology Mar 2020Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) include a group of conditions that affect the oral mucosa with an increased risk of malignancy. During their evolution...
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) include a group of conditions that affect the oral mucosa with an increased risk of malignancy. During their evolution visible changes may be found in the colour or in the thickness of the oral mucosa and these changes can be detected during an oral examination. Their clinical presentations are diverse and their natural history is not well described. Oral leukoplakia is the most commonly encountered OPMD in clinical practice. Use of optical fluorescence imaging or staining with toluidine blue may increase the number of lesions detected compared to oral visual examination alone and may increase border distinction at a subjective level. When stratifying their risk consideration is given to the presence of red areas, size exceeding 200 mm, presence of lichenoid features and a higher grade of dysplasia in the pathology report. Up to a third of OPMDs may transform to squamous cell carcinomas.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Coloring Agents; Diagnosis, Oral; Humans; Leukoplakia, Oral; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Neoplasms; Optical Imaging; Staining and Labeling; Tolonium Chloride
PubMed: 31981993
DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.104550 -
Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) Sep 2019Surgical release of the lingual frenulum (frenotomy) has become an increasingly common procedure, performed from birth through to adulthood. Surprisingly, detailed...
Surgical release of the lingual frenulum (frenotomy) has become an increasingly common procedure, performed from birth through to adulthood. Surprisingly, detailed anatomy of the in-situ lingual frenulum has never been described, and no anatomical basis has been proposed for the individual variability in frenulum morphology. The lingual frenulum is frequently referred to as a "cord" or "submucosal band" of connective tissue, yet there is no evidence to support this anatomical construct. This paper aims to describe the anatomy of the in-situ lingual frenulum and its relationship to floor of mouth structures. Fresh tissue microdissection of the lingual frenulum and floor of mouth was performed on nine adult cadavers with photo-documentation and description of findings. The lingual frenulum is a dynamic structure, formed by a midline fold in a layer of fascia that inserts around the inner arc of the mandible, forming a diaphragm-like structure across the floor of mouth. This fascia is located immediately beneath the oral mucosa, fusing centrally with the connective tissue on the tongue's ventral surface. The sublingual glands and submandibular ducts are enveloped by the fascial layer and anterior genioglossus fibers are suspended beneath it. Lingual nerve branches are located superficially on the ventral surface of the tongue, immediately deep to the fascia. The lingual frenulum is not a discrete midline structure. It is formed by dynamic elevation of a midline fold in the floor of mouth fascia. With this study, the clinical concept of ankyloglossia and its surgical management warrant revision. Clin. Anat. 32:749-761, 2019. © 2019 The Authors. Clinical Anatomy published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Clinical Anatomists.
Topics: Ankyloglossia; Cadaver; Dissection; Humans; Lingual Frenum; Mandible; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 30701608
DOI: 10.1002/ca.23343 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023
Topics: Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Inflammation; Mouth Mucosa; Homeostasis
PubMed: 37346036
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1214926 -
Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons... Nov 2021Ulceration of the oral cavity is common and a frequent reason for referral to secondary and tertiary centres. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related mucocutaneous ulceration,...
Ulceration of the oral cavity is common and a frequent reason for referral to secondary and tertiary centres. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related mucocutaneous ulceration, however, is a rare cause of oral ulceration that has been described only recently. Histologically these lesions resemble lymphomas; however, their management and prognosis differ significantly. We present a case of EBV-induced oral ulceration and discuss the diagnosis and management of and available literature for the condition, which was treated successfully through conservative measures alone.
Topics: Adult; Biopsy; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Female; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Oral Ulcer
PubMed: 34436949
DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2021.0051 -
Connective Tissue Research Sep 2022Oral mucosa equivalents (OMEs) have been used as models (eg, for studies of human oral mucosa biology and pathology, toxicological and pharmacological tests of oral... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Oral mucosa equivalents (OMEs) have been used as models (eg, for studies of human oral mucosa biology and pathology, toxicological and pharmacological tests of oral care products), and clinically to treat oral defects. However, the human oral mucosa is a highly vascularized tissue and implantation of large OMEs can fail due to a lack of vascularization. To develop equivalents that better resemble the human oral mucosa and increase the success of implantation to repair large-sized defects, efforts have been made to prevascularize these constructs.
PURPOSE
The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the human oral mucosa structure, common approaches for its reconstruction, and the development of OMEs, their prevascularization, and and clinical potential applications.
STUDY SELECTION
Articles on non-prevascularized and prevascularized OMEs were included, since the development and applications of non-prevascularized OMEs are a foundation for the design, fabrication, and optimization of prevascularized OMEs.
CONCLUSIONS
Several studies have reported the development and and clinical applications of OMEs and only a few were found on prevascularized OMEs using different approaches of fabrication and incorporation of endothelial cells, indicating a lack of standardized protocols to obtain these equivalents. However, these studies have shown the feasibility of prevascularizing OMEs and their implantation in animal models resulted in enhanced integration and healing. Vascularization in tissue equivalents is still a challenge, and optimization of cell culture conditions, biomaterials, and fabrication techniques along with clinical studies is required.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Endothelial Cells; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 35132918
DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2035375 -
Advances in Wound Care Oct 2022Skin inevitably heals with the formation of a fibrotic scar. Patients affected by skin scarring suffer from long-term psychological and physical burdens. Since the... (Review)
Review
Skin inevitably heals with the formation of a fibrotic scar. Patients affected by skin scarring suffer from long-term psychological and physical burdens. Since the discovery of fetal scarless skin-wound healing, research has hoped to identify and mimic scarless healing for adult skin. Oral mucosa healing in adults provides the closest example to fetal scarless healing. Injuries to the oral mucosa heal with very minimal scarring. Understanding the mechanisms through which this process occurs may bring us closer to achieving scarless healing in adults. In this review, we summarize the current evidence that illustrates distinct mechanisms involved in oral mucosal healing. We discuss the role of the oral niche in contributing to wound repair. The intrinsic properties of immune cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes within the oral mucosa that support regenerative repair are provided. We highlight the contribution of cytokines, growth factors, and chemokine secretion in permitting a scarless mucosal environment. Furthermore, we discuss the role of stem cell-like progenitor populations in the mucosa that may contribute to wound healing. We also provide suggestions for future studies that are needed to achieve scarless healing in adults. Many characteristics of the oral mucosa have been shown to contribute to decreased scarring, but the specific mechanism(s) is unclear. Advancing our understanding of oral healing may yield therapeutic therapies that can be used to overcome dermal scarring.
Topics: Adult; Cicatrix; Humans; Keratinocytes; Mouth Mucosa; Skin; Wound Healing
PubMed: 34470520
DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0038