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Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... May 2023Ulcerated and inflammatory lesions of the oral mucosa are not rare. A detailed patient medical and social history including habits and abuses, as well as the duration,... (Review)
Review
Ulcerated and inflammatory lesions of the oral mucosa are not rare. A detailed patient medical and social history including habits and abuses, as well as the duration, location, focality and presence, or lack of local and/or systemic symptoms is critical in establishing a proper diagnosis. This article discusses the clinical presentation, management, and histopathologic characteristics of a variety of ulcerative and inflammatory lesions seen in the oral cavity.
Topics: Humans; Inflammation; Mouth Mucosa; Ulcer; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 36805903
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2022.10.001 -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... May 2023Lichenoid lesions involving the oral cavity present with an array of complex clinical manifestations and etiologies. The etiology ranges from local factors, systemic... (Review)
Review
Lichenoid lesions involving the oral cavity present with an array of complex clinical manifestations and etiologies. The etiology ranges from local factors, systemic entities, and even autoimmune conditions. Several different types of lichenoid lesions may affect the oral cavity, and it is imperative that these are correctly diagnosed to ensure effective patient care. Lichenoid lesions such as chronic ulcerative stomatitis prove to be challenging as these are recalcitrant, present with overlapping features, require unique treatment and patients suffer a long time if not promptly diagnosed.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Lichen Planus, Oral; Diagnosis, Differential
PubMed: 36805899
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2022.10.005 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2021The oral mucosa is a site of intense immune activity, where a large variety of immune cells meet to provide a first line of defense against pathogenic organisms.... (Review)
Review
The oral mucosa is a site of intense immune activity, where a large variety of immune cells meet to provide a first line of defense against pathogenic organisms. Interestingly, the oral mucosa is exposed to a plethora of antigens from food and commensal bacteria that must be tolerated. The mechanisms that enable this tolerance are not yet fully defined. Many works have focused on active immune mechanisms involving dendritic and regulatory T cells. However, epithelial cells also make a major contribution to tolerance by influencing both innate and adaptive immunity. Therefore, the tolerogenic mechanisms concurring in the oral mucosa are intertwined. Here, we review them systematically, paying special attention to the role of oral epithelial cells.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Immunity, Mucosal; Mouth Mucosa; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
PubMed: 34830032
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212149 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2021This is an attempt to make readers of the second edition of Special Issue on the Barrier Function of Skin and Oral Mucosa aware of the content of the first edition on...
This is an attempt to make readers of the second edition of Special Issue on the Barrier Function of Skin and Oral Mucosa aware of the content of the first edition on this same topic [...].
Topics: Cell Membrane Permeability; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Skin
PubMed: 34502292
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179383 -
Journal of Dental Research May 2020To successfully withstand a wide variety of microbial and mechanical challenges, the immune system of the oral mucosa is composed of tissue-resident and specially... (Review)
Review
To successfully withstand a wide variety of microbial and mechanical challenges, the immune system of the oral mucosa is composed of tissue-resident and specially recruited leukocytes. These leukocytes facilitate the establishment and maintenance of local homeostasis but are also capable to cause oral pathologies when are unrestrained. γδT cells represent an important tissue-resident innate T-cell population in various mucosal and nonmucosal barrier tissues, in which they are ideally located to assist in immunosurveillance, tissue repair, and homeostasis. Whereas most works studying γδT cells were focused on tissues such as the skin and intestine, these cells in the oral mucosa were only recently thoroughly studied. The findings obtained by those studies appear to be both complementary and contradicting, likely reflecting differences in the experimental settings and the type of transgenic mouse modalities employed by each study. Nevertheless, oral γδT cells were shown to consist of developmentally distinct tissue-resident Vγ6 cells and circulating Vγ1 and Vγ4 subsets that are independently maintained in the oral mucosa. In the gingiva, a particularly challenging barrier tissue due to its proximity to the dental plaque, γδT cells are strategically positioned close to the plaque and represent the major source of IL-17. While this suggests that γδT cells might be involved in controlling the dental biofilm, conflicting data were reported in this regard. In vivo studies have shown that γδT cells either play a protective role during age-associated bone loss or, alternatively, have no impact in this process. Also, recent reports suggested opposing data concerning the impact of γδT cells in experimental periodontitis based on the ligature model. This review summarizes and discusses the most up-to-date literature on oral γδT cells, providing a balanced perspective regarding our current understanding on the development of oral γδT cells and their role under physiologic conditions and certain oral pathologies.
Topics: Animals; Gingiva; Mice, Transgenic; Mouth Mucosa; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta; T-Lymphocyte Subsets
PubMed: 32091949
DOI: 10.1177/0022034520908839 -
Swiss Dental Journal Jan 2023
Topics: Humans; Blister; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Oral Hemorrhage; Vesicular Stomatitis
PubMed: 36606468
DOI: 10.61872/sdj-2023-01-03 -
European Journal of Immunology Jul 2023The skin and the oral mucosa represent interfaces to the environment that are constantly exposed to pathogens and harmless foreign antigens such as commensal bacteria.... (Review)
Review
The skin and the oral mucosa represent interfaces to the environment that are constantly exposed to pathogens and harmless foreign antigens such as commensal bacteria. Both barrier organs share the presence of Langerhans cells (LC), distinctive members of the heterogeneous family of antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DC) that have the unique ability to promote tolerogenic as well as inflammatory immune responses. While skin LC have been extensively studied in the past decades, less is known about the function of oral mucosal LC. Despite similar transcriptomic signatures, skin and oral mucosal LC differ greatly in their ontogeny and development. In this review article, we will summarize the current knowledge on LC subsets in the skin compared to the oral mucosa. We will discuss the similarities and differences in their development, homeostasis, and function in the two barrier tissues, including their interaction with the local microbiota. In addition, this review will update recent advances on the role of LC in inflammatory skin and oral mucosal diseases.
Topics: Langerhans Cells; Mouth Mucosa; Skin; Immunity; Antigens; Dendritic Cells
PubMed: 36811456
DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149499 -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... May 2023The human herpesvirus (HHV) family is a group of enveloped DNA viruses containing 8 members known to produce oral mucosal lesions. Following initial exposure, which may... (Review)
Review
The human herpesvirus (HHV) family is a group of enveloped DNA viruses containing 8 members known to produce oral mucosal lesions. Following initial exposure, which may result in symptomatic primary infection, the viruses establish latency within specific cells/tissues. After reactivation, herpesviruses can cause localized symptomatic or asymptomatic recurrent (secondary) infections or diseases. HHV may have a significant role in the cause of oral mucosal infectious diseases in immunocompromised patients. This article discusses the role of those herpesviruses that can induce oral mucosal lesions, with focus on the clinical features and treatment/management.
Topics: Humans; Herpesviridae Infections; Mouth Mucosa; Herpesvirus 6, Human; Herpesviridae
PubMed: 37019504
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2022.10.012 -
Journal of Dental Research Jul 2023Vaccine technology has evolved continuously since its beginning, and mucosal vaccination, including intranasal, sublingual, and oral administrations, has recently gained... (Review)
Review
Vaccine technology has evolved continuously since its beginning, and mucosal vaccination, including intranasal, sublingual, and oral administrations, has recently gained great scientific interest. The oral mucosa represents a promising minimally invasive route for antigen delivery, mainly at sublingual and buccal mucosal sites, and it is easily accessible, immunologically rich, and able to promote an effective systemic and local immune response. The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview on the technologies for oral mucosal vaccination, with emphasis on mucoadhesive biomaterial-based delivery systems. Polymeric-based nanoparticles, multilayer films and wafers, liposomes, microneedles, and thermoresponsive gels are the most investigated strategies to deliver antigens locally, showing mucoadhesive properties, controlled release of the antigen, and the ability to enhance immunological responses. These formulations have achieved adequate properties in terms of vaccine stability, are minimally invasive, and are easy to produce and manage. To date, oral mucosa vaccine delivery systems represent a promising and open field of research. Future directions should focus on the role of these systems to induce sustained innate and adaptive immune responses, by integrating the recent advances achieved in mucoadhesion with those related to vaccine technology. Being painless, easy to administer, highly stable, safe, and effective, the antigen delivery systems via the oral mucosa may represent a useful and promising strategy for fast mass vaccination, especially during pandemic outbreaks.
Topics: Drug Delivery Systems; Mouth Mucosa; Vaccines; Vaccination; Liposomes
PubMed: 37148290
DOI: 10.1177/00220345231164111 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2022The oral cavity is inhabited by a wide spectrum of microbial species, and their colonization is mostly based on commensalism. These microbes are part of the normal oral... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is inhabited by a wide spectrum of microbial species, and their colonization is mostly based on commensalism. These microbes are part of the normal oral flora, but there are also opportunistic species that can cause oral and systemic diseases. Although there is a strong exposure to various microorganisms, the oral mucosa reduces the colonization of microorganisms with high rotation and secretion of various types of cytokines and antimicrobial proteins such as defensins. In some circumstances, the imbalance between normal oral flora and pathogenic flora may lead to a change in the ratio of commensalism to parasitism. Healthy oral mucosa has many important functions. Thanks to its integrity, it is impermeable to most microorganisms and constitutes a mechanical barrier against their penetration into tissues. Our study aims to present the role and composition of the oral cavity microbiota as well as defense mechanisms within the oral mucosa which allow for maintaining a balance between such numerous species of microorganisms. We highlight the specific aspects of the oral mucosa protecting barrier and discuss up-to-date information on the immune cell system that ensures microbiota balance. This study presents the latest data on specific tissue stimuli in the regulation of the immune system with particular emphasis on the resistance of the gingival barrier. Despite advances in understanding the mechanisms regulating the balance on the microorganism/host axis, more research is still needed on how the combination of these diverse signals is involved in the regulation of immunity at the oral mucosa barrier.
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Autoimmunity; Biodiversity; Disease Susceptibility; Dysbiosis; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Microbiota; Mouth Mucosa; Symbiosis
PubMed: 35055069
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020882