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Nature Reviews. Immunology Aug 2021
Topics: Humans; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 34183811
DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00582-3 -
Dental and Medical Problems 2023Diet and eating habits significantly affect health and quality of life. Various diets and food eliminations can lead to nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition. This... (Review)
Review
Diet and eating habits significantly affect health and quality of life. Various diets and food eliminations can lead to nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition. This article discusses the relationship between nutrition, nutritional deficiencies, and the condition of the periodontium and oral mucosa. An analysis of PubMed materials was conducted to assess the impact of nutrition on the condition of the oral mucosa and periodontium. We also considered dietary habits such as vegetarianism, the ketogenic diet, the Paleo diet, the Mediterranean diet, the Western diet, and intermittent fasting. Vitamin deficiencies, both watersoluble and fat-soluble, as well as macroand microelements, can manifest in the oral cavity, among others, as gingivitis and bleeding, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, enamel hypomineralization, cheilitis, angular cheilitis, halitosis, glossitis, lingual papillae atrophy, and stomatitis. Malnutrition does not cause periodontal disease, but it increases the risk of its occurrence and accelerates disease progression. Inadequate nutrition, combined with other predisposing factors, may contribute to an increased risk of oral cancer and the development of leukoplakia.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Cheilitis; Quality of Life; Periodontium; Malnutrition
PubMed: 38133993
DOI: 10.17219/dmp/156466 -
Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews Oct 2020Oral mucosa is the target tissue for many microorganisms involved in periodontitis and other infectious diseases affecting the oral cavity. Three-dimensional (3D) and... (Review)
Review
Oral mucosa is the target tissue for many microorganisms involved in periodontitis and other infectious diseases affecting the oral cavity. Three-dimensional (3D) and oral mucosa equivalents have been used for oral disease modeling and investigation of the mechanisms of oral bacterial and fungal infections. This review was conducted to analyze different studies using 3D oral mucosa models for the evaluation of the interactions of different microorganisms with oral mucosa. In this study, based on our inclusion criteria, 43 articles were selected and analyzed. Different types of 3D oral mucosa models of bacterial and fungal infections were discussed in terms of the biological system used, culture conditions, method of infection, and the biological endpoints assessed in each study. The critical analysis revealed some contradictory reports in this field of research in the literature. Challenges in recovering bacteria from oral mucosa models were further discussed, suggesting possible future directions in microbiomics, including the use of oral mucosa-on-a-chip. The potential use of these 3D tissue models for the evaluation of the effects of antiseptic agents on bacteria and oral mucosa was also addressed. This review concluded that there were many aspects that would require optimization and standardization with regard to using oral mucosal models for infection by microorganisms. Using new technologies-such as microfluidics and bioreactors-could help to reproduce some of the physiologically relevant conditions and further simulate the clinical situation. Impact statement Tissue-engineered or commercial models of the oral mucosa are very useful for the study of diseases that involve the interaction of microorganisms and oral epithelium. In this review, challenges in recovering bacteria from oral mucosa models, the potential use of these three-dimensional tissue models for the evaluation of the effects of antiseptic agents, and future directions in microbiomics are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Models, Biological; Mouth Mucosa; Mycoses
PubMed: 32131719
DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2020.0016 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023Oral mucositis (OM) is a common and impactful toxicity of standard cancer therapy, affecting up to 80% of patients. Its aetiology centres on the initial destruction of... (Review)
Review
Oral mucositis (OM) is a common and impactful toxicity of standard cancer therapy, affecting up to 80% of patients. Its aetiology centres on the initial destruction of epithelial cells and the increase in inflammatory signals. These changes in the oral mucosa create a hostile environment for resident microbes, with oral infections co-occurring with OM, especially at sites of ulceration. Increasing evidence suggests that oral microbiome changes occur beyond opportunistic infection, with a growing appreciation for the potential role of the microbiome in OM development and severity. This review collects the latest articles indexed in the PubMed electronic database which analyse the bacterial shift through 16S rRNA gene sequencing methodology in cancer patients under treatment with oral mucositis. The aims are to assess whether changes in the oral and gut microbiome causally contribute to oral mucositis or if they are simply a consequence of the mucosal injury. Further, we explore the emerging role of a patient's microbial fingerprint in OM development and prediction. The maintenance of resident bacteria via microbial target therapy is under constant improvement and should be considered in the OM treatment.
Topics: Humans; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Stomatitis; Mouth Mucosa; Neoplasms; Microbiota; Bacteria; Mucositis
PubMed: 37175980
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098274 -
Minerva Dental and Oral Science Aug 2021SARS-CoV-2 develops well in the oral mucosa because, it is the first contact area with the virus. The oral mucosa is highly expressed with angiotensin-converting enzyme... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
SARS-CoV-2 develops well in the oral mucosa because, it is the first contact area with the virus. The oral mucosa is highly expressed with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and makes the virus replicated in the epithelial cells and produce both oral lesions and oral symptoms. This review aimed to describe the oral mucosal symptoms and lesions related to SARS-CoV-2-infected patients that have been reported around the world.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A literature search was performed on PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, from February to October 5, 2020, focusing on COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) oral lesions and oral symptoms.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Eighteen studies were identified with a total of 25 cases describing the oral symptoms and oral mucosal lesions of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The oral symptoms related to the SARS-CoV-2 infection included dysgeusia, ageusia, a burning mouth sensation, a dry mouth and severe halitosis. The oral mucosal lesions varied from ulceration and depapilation to pseudomembranous, maculae, nodules and plaque. The mucosal lesions related to the skin lesions were in the form of crusty lips, multiple ulcerations and rashes, targeted lesions, blisters and vesiculobullous lesions.
CONCLUSIONS
The manifestations of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oral cavity are non-specific. The oral mucosal lesions that occur mimic the Herpes zoster virus infection, the Herpes simplex virus infection, Varicella and hand, foot and mouth disease, and the oral mucosal lesions with the skin manifestations (e.g. erythema multiforme).
Topics: Ageusia; COVID-19; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Oral Ulcer; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34269548
DOI: 10.23736/S2724-6329.21.04493-9 -
Journal of Controlled Release :... Feb 2024Enabling non-invasive delivery of proteins across the mucosal barriers promises improved patient compliance and therapeutic efficacies. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs)... (Review)
Review
Enabling non-invasive delivery of proteins across the mucosal barriers promises improved patient compliance and therapeutic efficacies. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are emerging as a promising and versatile tool to enhance protein and peptide permeation across various mucosal barriers. This review examines the structural and physicochemical attributes of the nasal, buccal, sublingual, and oral mucosa that hamper macromolecular delivery. Recent development of CPPs for overcoming those mucosal barriers for protein delivery is summarized and analyzed. Perspectives regarding current challenges and future research directions towards improving non-invasive transmucosal delivery of macromolecules for ultimate clinical translation are discussed.
Topics: Humans; Cell-Penetrating Peptides; Drug Delivery Systems; Proteins; Administration, Mucosal; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 38272399
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.038 -
Journal of the National Cancer... Aug 2019Characterization of the role of oral microbiome in cancer therapy-induced oral mucositis (CTOM) is critical in preventing the clinically deleterious effects on patients'... (Review)
Review
Characterization of the role of oral microbiome in cancer therapy-induced oral mucositis (CTOM) is critical in preventing the clinically deleterious effects on patients' health that are associated with CTOM. Funding initiatives related to the National Institutes of Health human microbiome project have resulted in groundbreaking advancements in biology and medicine during the last decade. These advancements have shown that a human being is in fact a superorganism made of human cells and associated symbiotic or commensal microbiota. In this review, we describe the state of science as it relates to fundamental knowledge on oral microbiome and its role in CTOM. We also discuss how state-of-the-art technologies and systems biology tools may be used to help tackle the difficult challenges ahead to develop effective treatments or preventive therapies for oral mucositis. We make a clear distinction between disease processes pertaining to the oral microbiome, which includes opportunistic pathogens that may be defined as pathobionts, and those infectious disease processes initiated by exogenous pathogens. We also explored the extent to which knowledge from the gastrointestinal tract in disease and intestinal mucositis could help us better understand CTOM pathobiology. Finally, we propose a model in which the oral microbiome participates in the current five-step CTOM pathobiology model. With the advent of more sophisticated metagenomics technologies and methods of analysis, much hope lies ahead to implement an effective holistic approach to treat cancer patients affected by CTOM.
Topics: Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Metagenome; Metagenomics; Microbiota; Mouth Mucosa; Neoplasms; Stomatitis; Systems Biology
PubMed: 31425594
DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgz002 -
Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia... May 2022The diagnosis of oral melanotic lesions is, more often than not, challenging in the clinical practice due to the fact that there are several reasons which may cause an... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The diagnosis of oral melanotic lesions is, more often than not, challenging in the clinical practice due to the fact that there are several reasons which may cause an increase in pigmentation on localized or generalized areas. Among these, medication stands out.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
In this work, we have carried out a review in the reference pharma database: Micromedex® followed by a review of the scientific published literature to analyse coincidences and possible discrepancies.
RESULTS
Our findings show that there are several prescription drugs that can cause pigmented lesions in the oral mucosa. This must be known by clinicians in order to properly diagnose pigmented lesions. We have identified a set of 21 medicaments which cause these lesions, some of which are used frequently in the clinic, such as Metronidazole, Amitriptyline, conjugated oestrogens and Chlorhexidine gluconate. We also found discrepancies with the data published in specialized literature, some of which wasn't reflected in the Summary of Product Characteristics.
CONCLUSIONS
Our work highlights the importance of the proper communication of adverse drug reactions (ADR) by health professionals in order to provide thorough and accurate information and diagnosis.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Oral Ulcer; Pigmentation
PubMed: 35420067
DOI: 10.4317/medoral.25110 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022The oral mucosa is a membranous structure comprising epithelial and connective tissue that covers the oral cavity. The oral mucosa is the first immune barrier to protect... (Review)
Review
The oral mucosa is a membranous structure comprising epithelial and connective tissue that covers the oral cavity. The oral mucosa is the first immune barrier to protect the body against pathogens for systemic protection. It is frequently exposed to mechanical abrasion, chemical erosion, and pathogenic invasion, resulting in oral mucosal lesions, particularly inflammatory diseases. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial biological process in the pathogenesis of oral mucosal disorders, which are classified into three types (types 1, 2, and 3) based on their physiological consequences. Among these, type-2 EMT is crucial in wound repair, organ fibrosis, and tissue regeneration. It causes infectious and dis-infectious immunological diseases, such as oral lichen planus (OLP), oral leukoplakia, oral submucosal fibrosis, and other precancerous lesions. However, the mechanism and cognition between type-2 EMT and oral mucosal inflammatory disorders remain unknown. This review first provides a comprehensive evaluation of type-2 EMT in chronically inflammatory oral mucosal disorders. The aim is to lay a foundation for future research and suggest potential treatments.
Topics: Humans; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Mouth Diseases; Lichen Planus, Oral; Mouth Mucosa; Precancerous Conditions
PubMed: 36389753
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020768 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2022This review article was designed to evaluate the existing evidence related to the molecular processes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oral cavity. The World Health... (Review)
Review
This review article was designed to evaluate the existing evidence related to the molecular processes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oral cavity. The World Health Organization stated that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission is produced by respiratory droplets and aerosols from the oral cavity of infected patients. The oral cavity structures, keratinized and non-keratinized mucosa, and salivary glands' epithelia express SARS-CoV-2 entry and transmission factors, especially angiotensin converting enzyme Type 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Replication of the virus in cells leads to local and systemic infection spread, and cellular damage is associated with clinical signs and symptoms of the disease in the oral cavity. Saliva, both the cellular and acellular fractions, holds the virus particles and contributes to COVID-19 transmission. The review also presents information about the factors modifying SARS-CoV-2 infection potential and possible local pharmacotherapeutic interventions, which may confine SARS-CoV-2 virus entry and transmission in the oral cavity. The PubMed and Scopus databases were used to search for suitable keywords such as: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, oral virus infection, saliva, crevicular fluid, salivary gland, tongue, oral mucosa, periodontium, gingiva, dental pulp, ACE2, TMPRSS2, Furin, diagnosis, topical treatment, vaccine and related words in relevant publications up to 28 December 2021. Data extraction and quality evaluation of the articles were performed by two reviewers, and 63 articles were included in the final review.
Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Animals; COVID-19; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa; Pathology, Oral; Receptors, Virus; SARS-CoV-2; Serine Endopeptidases; Signal Transduction; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 35163355
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031431