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International Journal of Molecular... May 2021PubMed searches reveal much literature regarding lipids in barrier function of skin and less literature on lipids in barrier function of the oral mucosa. In terrestrial... (Review)
Review
PubMed searches reveal much literature regarding lipids in barrier function of skin and less literature on lipids in barrier function of the oral mucosa. In terrestrial mammals, birds, and reptiles, the skin's permeability barrier is provided by ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol in the outermost layers of the epidermis, the stratum corneum. This layer consists of about 10-20 layers of cornified cells embedded in a lipid matrix. It effectively prevents loss of water and electrolytes from the underlying tissue, and it limits the penetration of potentially harmful substances from the environment. In the oral cavity, the regions of the gingiva and hard palate are covered by keratinized epithelia that much resemble the epidermis. The oral stratum corneum contains a lipid mixture similar to that in the epidermal stratum corneum but in lower amounts and is accordingly more permeable. The superficial regions of the nonkeratinized oral epithelia also provide a permeability barrier. These epithelial regions do contain ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids, which may underlie barrier function. The oral epithelial permeability barriers primarily protect the underlying tissue by preventing the penetration of potentially toxic substances, including microbial products. Transdermal drug delivery, buccal absorption, and lipid-related disease are discussed.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Humans; Keratins; Lipids; Mouth Mucosa; Mucous Membrane; Permeability; Skin; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 34063352
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105229 -
Oral Diseases Apr 2022
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 32558983
DOI: 10.1111/odi.13499 -
Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Nov 2020To investigate the surface chemical changes in dynamic interactions of delmopinol on salivary films on oral mucosa in healthy participants after rinsing with an...
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the surface chemical changes in dynamic interactions of delmopinol on salivary films on oral mucosa in healthy participants after rinsing with an unbuffered water solution of delmopinol, and to examine the oral tissue disposition of delmopinol in rats after local administration.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The contact angle technique was used to monitor the interaction of delmopinol with the salivary film coating the upper labial mucosa of 10 healthy participants through a 4 h period. The tissue disposition of C-labelled delmopinol was examined in rats by autoradiography.
RESULTS
Rinsing with delmopinol increased the polarity of the saliva coated mucosa during the time of observation. The binding of delmopinol was verified in the autoradiograms showing that radioactivity remained in the rat oral mucosa after 24 h. Delmopinol was however not irreversibly bound.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings indicate that delmopinol interacts with the salivary film of the upper labial mucosa and affects its polarity. It appears that delmopinol assists in the maintenance of the hydrophilicity of the mucosal pellicle and thereby also reinforcing hydration of the mucosa. The rat autoradiograms, showed that radioactivity remains in the oral mucosa after 24 h, but diffuses through the mucosal membranes into the systemic circulation.
Topics: Adsorption; Animals; Humans; Morpholines; Mouth Mucosa; Mouthwashes; Rats; Saliva
PubMed: 32348171
DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2020.1758772 -
Oncogene Apr 2023The oral mucosa has an essential role in protecting against physical, microbial, and chemical harm. Compromise of this barrier triggers a wound healing response. Key... (Review)
Review
The oral mucosa has an essential role in protecting against physical, microbial, and chemical harm. Compromise of this barrier triggers a wound healing response. Key events in this response such as immune infiltration, re-epithelialization, and stroma remodeling are coordinated by cytokines that promote cellular migration, invasion, and proliferation. Cytokine-mediated cellular invasion and migration are also essential features in cancer dissemination. Therefore, exploration of cytokines that regulate each stage of oral wound healing will provide insights about cytokines that are exploited by oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) to promote tumor development and progression. This will aid in identifying potential therapeutic targets to constrain SCC recurrence and increase patient survival. In this review, we discuss cytokines that overlap in oral wounds and SCC, emphasizing how these cytokines promote cancer progression.
Topics: Cytokines; Disease Progression; Mouth Neoplasms; Mouth Mucosa; Wound Healing; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans
PubMed: 36879116
DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02649-y -
Journal of Molecular Histology Oct 2021Rete pegs are finger-like structures that are formed during the development and wound healing process of the skin and oral mucosa, and they provide better mechanical... (Review)
Review
Rete pegs are finger-like structures that are formed during the development and wound healing process of the skin and oral mucosa, and they provide better mechanical resistance and nutritional supply between the epithelium and dermis. An increasing number of studies have shown that rete pegs have physiological functions, such as resisting bacterial invasion, body fluid loss, and other harmful changes, which indicate that rete pegs are important structures in natural skin and oral mucosa. Although a great deal of progress has been made in scaffold materials and construction methods for tissue-engineered skin and oral mucosa in recent years, construction of the oral mucosa with functional rete pegs remains a major challenge. In this review, we summarized current research on the progress on formation of rete pegs in human oral mucosa as well as its molecular basis and regulatory mechanism, which might provide new ideas for functional construction of tissue-engineered skin and oral mucosa.
Topics: Animals; Desmosomes; Focal Adhesions; Humans; Morphogenesis; Mouth Mucosa; Skin; Wound Healing
PubMed: 34463917
DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10016-y -
Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi = Huaxi... Feb 2023Oral mucosal administration is extensively used to treat systemic diseases and oral mucosal diseases owing to unique oral mucosal structure and convenient... (Review)
Review
Oral mucosal administration is extensively used to treat systemic diseases and oral mucosal diseases owing to unique oral mucosal structure and convenient administration. However, the special microenvironment of the oral cavity being open, moving, and humid causes oral mucosal drug delivery to face great challenges. To address this dilemma, local adhesive agents have been widely studied for sustained drug delivery and improved bioavailability, showing broad prospects. Recently, the author has performed studies on oral mucosal adhesive agents. In this paper, the progress of research on oral mucosal adhesive materials is reviewed.
Topics: Humans; Drug Delivery Systems; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 38596935
DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2023.01.001 -
BMC Oral Health Jan 2023The stiffness of titanium mesh is a double-blade sword to repair larger alveolar ridges defect with excellent space maintenance ability, while invade the surrounding...
BACKGROUND
The stiffness of titanium mesh is a double-blade sword to repair larger alveolar ridges defect with excellent space maintenance ability, while invade the surrounding soft tissue and lead to higher mesh exposure rates. Understanding the mechanical of oral mucosa/titanium mesh/bone interface is clinically meaningful. In this study, the above relationship was analyzed by finite elements and verified by setting different keratinized tissue width in oral mucosa.
METHODS
Two three-dimensional finite element models were constructed with 5 mm keratinized tissue in labial mucosa (KM cases) and 0 mm keratinized tissue in labial mucosa (LM cases). Each model was composed of titanium mesh, titanium screws, graft materials, bone, teeth and oral mucosa. After that, a vertical (30 N) loadings were applied from both alveolar ridges direction and labial mucosa direction to stimulate the force from masticatory system. The displacements and von Mises stress of each element at the interfaces were analyzed.
RESULTS
Little displacements were found for titanium mesh, titanium screws, graft materials, bone and teeth in both LM and KM cases under different loading conditions. The maximum von Mises stress was found around the lingual titanium screw insertion place for those elements in all cases. The keratinized tissue decreased the displacement of oral mucosa, decreased the maximum von Mises stress generated by an alveolar ridges direction load, while increased those stress from labial mucosa direction load. Only the von Mises stress of the KM cases was all lower than the tensile strength of the oral mucosa.
CONCLUSION
The mucosa was vulnerable under the increasing stress generated by the force from masticatory system. The adequate buccal keratinized mucosa width are critical factors in reducing the stress beyond the titanium mesh, which might reduce the titanium exposure rate.
Topics: Humans; Stress, Mechanical; Finite Element Analysis; Titanium; Mouth Mucosa; Surgical Mesh
PubMed: 36650512
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02703-3 -
Journal of Clinical Periodontology Jun 2023To reveal the heterogeneity of ex vivo-cultured human mesenchymal stromal cells derived from either masticatory or lining oral mucosa.
AIM
To reveal the heterogeneity of ex vivo-cultured human mesenchymal stromal cells derived from either masticatory or lining oral mucosa.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cells were retrieved from the lamina propria of the hard palate and alveolar mucosa of three individuals. The analysis of transcriptomic-level differences was accomplished using single-cell RNA sequencing.
RESULTS
Cluster analysis clearly distinguished between cells from the masticatory and lining oral mucosa, and revealed 11 distinct cell sub-populations, annotated as fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells or mesenchymal stem cells. Interestingly, cells presenting a mesenchymal stem cell-like gene expression pattern were predominantly found in masticatory mucosa. Although cells of masticatory mucosa origin were highly enriched for biological processes associated with wound healing, those from the lining oral mucosa were highly enriched for biological processes associated with the regulation of epithelial cells.
CONCLUSIONS
Our previous work had shown that cells from the lining and masticatory oral mucosae are phenotypically heterogeneous. Here, we extend these findings to show that these changes are not the result of differences in averages but rather represent two distinct cell populations, with mesenchymal stem cells more common in masticatory mucosa. These features may contribute to specific physiological functions and have relevance for potential therapeutic interventions.
Topics: Humans; Transcriptome; Mouth Mucosa; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Epithelial Cells; Wound Healing
PubMed: 36864739
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13799 -
Oral Diseases Sep 2020A crucial aspect of mucosal HIV transmission is the interaction between HIV, the local environmental milieu and immune cells. The oral mucosa comprises many host cell... (Review)
Review
A crucial aspect of mucosal HIV transmission is the interaction between HIV, the local environmental milieu and immune cells. The oral mucosa comprises many host cell types including epithelial cells, CD4 + T cells, dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages, as well as a diverse microbiome predominantly comprising bacterial species. While the oral epithelium is one of the first sites exposed to HIV through oral-genital contact and nursing infants, it is largely thought to be resistant to HIV transmission via mechanisms that are still unclear. HIV-1 infection is also associated with predisposition to secondary infections, such as tuberculosis, and other diseases including cancer. This review addresses the following questions that were discussed at the 8th World Workshop on Oral Health and Disease in AIDS held in Bali, Indonesia, 13 September -15 September 2019: (a) How does HIV infection affect epithelial cell signalling? (b) How does HIV infection affect the production of cytokines and other innate antimicrobial factors, (c) How is the mucosal distribution and function of immune cells altered in HIV infection? (d) How do T cells affect HIV (oral) pathogenesis and cancer? (e) How does HIV infection lead to susceptibility to TB infections?
Topics: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunity, Mucosal; Infant; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 32862519
DOI: 10.1111/odi.13470 -
Italian Journal of Dermatology and... Oct 2023The oral mucosa can be involved in a wide variety of mucocutaneous conditions that may present primarily in the mouth or affect other cutaneous or mucosal sites. Many of... (Review)
Review
The oral mucosa can be involved in a wide variety of mucocutaneous conditions that may present primarily in the mouth or affect other cutaneous or mucosal sites. Many of these conditions are immune mediated and typically present as inflammatory mucosal pathology. Patients experiencing such conditions usually seek medical evaluation and treatment due to the associated pain and discomfort and occasionally taste disturbance or dysphagia and the overall deterioration in the oral health-related quality of life. These conditions share some common features and there could be some overlapping in their clinical presentation, which can lead to delays in diagnosis and proper management of patients. Clinicians dealing with such disorders, including dermatologists, need to be aware of the oral manifestations of mucocutaneous conditions, their clinical features, underlying mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options, as well as the recent advances in the research on these conditions. This review provides a comprehensive, evidence-based reference for clinicians, with updated insights into a group of immune mediated conditions known to cause oral mucosal pathology. Part one will cover oral lichen planus, erythema multiforme and systemic lupus erythematosus, while part two will cover pemphigus vulgaris and mucous membrane pemphigoid, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, in addition to the less common disorders linear IgA disease, dermatitis herpetiformis and epidermolysis bullosa.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Diseases; Quality of Life; Stomatitis, Aphthous; Pemphigus
PubMed: 37916401
DOI: 10.23736/S2784-8671.23.07676-4