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Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine... Mar 2023Humans are exposed to exogenous sources of titanium-containing particles that can enter the body mainly by inhalation, ingestion, or dermal absorption. Given the...
BACKGROUND
Humans are exposed to exogenous sources of titanium-containing particles that can enter the body mainly by inhalation, ingestion, or dermal absorption. Given the widespread use of biomaterials in medicine, the surface of a titanium (Ti) biomedical device is a potential endogenous source of Ti ions and/or Ti-containing particles, such as TiO micro-(MPs) and nano-particles (NPs), resulting from biotribocorrosion processes. Ti ions or Ti-containing particles may deposit in epithelial cells of the oral mucosa, and the latter may therefore serve as bioindicators of short and long-term systemic Ti contamination. The aim of the present study was to histologically and quantitatively evaluate the presence of Ti traces in cells exfoliated from the oral mucosa as possible bioindicators of systemic contamination with this metal at short and long-term experimental time points METHODS: Thirty Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with a suspension of titanium dioxide (TiO) (0.16 g/100 g body weight of TiO in 5 ml of NaCl 0.9%) using 5 nm NPs (Group: TiO-NP5; n = 10), 45 µm MPs (Group: TiO-MP45; n = 10), or vehicle alone (Control group; n = 10). At one and six months post-injection, right-cheek mucosa cells were obtained by exfoliative cytology using a cytobrush; they were spray fixed and stained using Safranin or the Papanicolaou technique. The smears were cytologically evaluated (light microscopy) to determine the presence of particulate material, which was also analyzed microchemically (SEM-EDS). Left-cheek mucosa cells were similarly obtained and re-suspended in 5 ml of PBS (pH: 7.2-7.4); the samples corresponding to each group were pooled together and analyzed spectrometrically (ICP-MS) to determine Ti concentration in each of the studied groups. Blood samples were obtained for histological determination of the presence of particulate material on Safranin-stained blood smears and determination of plasma concentration of Ti by ICP-MS RESULTS: Different size and shape metal-like particles were observed inside and outside epithelial cells in TiO-NP5 and TiO-MP45 cytological smears at both one and six months post-injection. EDS analysis showed the presence of Ti in the particles. ICP-MS revealed higher Ti concentrations in both TiO injected groups compared to the control group. In addition, Ti concentration did not vary with time or particle size. Monocytes containing particles were observed in blood smears of TiO-exposed animals one- and six-months post-injection. Plasma levels of Ti were significantly higher in TiO-NP5- and TiO-MP45- exposed animals than in controls (p < 0.05), and Ti concentration was significantly higher at one month than at six months in both TiO-exposed groups (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Cells exfoliated from the oral mucosa could be used as bioindicators of short- and long-term systemic contamination with Ti. Exfoliative cytology could be used as a simple, non-invasive, and inexpensive diagnostic method for monitoring biotribocorrosion of Ti implants and patient clinical follow-up.
Topics: Humans; Rats; Animals; Titanium; Mouth Mucosa; Environmental Biomarkers; Rats, Wistar; Metals; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 36516572
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127114 -
Clinical and Experimental Dermatology Apr 2022Oral papillary lesions represent a variety of developmental and neoplastic conditions. Early diagnoses of different papillary lesions are challenging for oral medicine... (Review)
Review
Oral papillary lesions represent a variety of developmental and neoplastic conditions. Early diagnoses of different papillary lesions are challenging for oral medicine specialists. Malignant acanthosis nigricans (MAN) is a rare cutaneous disorder and a potential marker of underlying hidden tumours. It is characterized by papillary lesions that always involve the oral mucosa. In oral medicine specialities, MAN is not well understood. When the early signs of MAN are extensive oral lesions and slight cutaneous pigmentation without obvious florid cutaneous papillomatosis, the diagnosis can be incorrect or delayed. Oral medicine specialists should ask affected patients to provide details of their medical history and conduct a timely systemic examination.
Topics: Acanthosis Nigricans; Humans; Hyperplasia; Mouth Mucosa; Skin; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 34750849
DOI: 10.1111/ced.14995 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2021The oral cavity is a portal into the digestive system, which exhibits unique sensory properties. Like facial skin, the oral mucosa needs to be exquisitely sensitive and... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is a portal into the digestive system, which exhibits unique sensory properties. Like facial skin, the oral mucosa needs to be exquisitely sensitive and selective, in order to detect harmful toxins versus edible food. Chemosensation and somatosensation by multiple receptors, including transient receptor potential channels, are well-developed to meet these needs. In contrast to facial skin, however, the oral mucosa rarely exhibits itch responses. Like the gut, the oral cavity performs mechanical and chemical digestion. Therefore, the oral mucosa needs to be insensitive, to some degree, in order to endure noxious irritation. Persistent pain from the oral mucosa is often due to ulcers, involving both tissue injury and infection. Trigeminal nerve injury and trigeminal neuralgia produce intractable pain in the orofacial skin and the oral mucosa, through mechanisms distinct from those seen in the spinal area, which is particularly difficult to predict or treat. The diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic chronic pain, such as atypical odontalgia (idiopathic painful trigeminal neuropathy or post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathy) and burning mouth syndrome, remain especially challenging. The central integration of gustatory inputs might modulate chronic oral and facial pain. A lack of pain in chronic inflammation inside the oral cavity, such as chronic periodontitis, involves the specialized functioning of oral bacteria. A more detailed understanding of the unique neurobiology of pain from the orofacial skin and the oral mucosa should help us develop novel methods for better treating persistent orofacial pain.
Topics: Animals; Chronic Pain; Face; Facial Pain; Humans; Mice; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa; Neuralgia; Periodontitis; Skin; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Trigeminal Nerve Injuries; Trigeminal Neuralgia
PubMed: 34071720
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115810 -
The American Journal of Pathology Sep 2023Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a potentially malignant disorder of the oral mucosa; however, whether and how the fibrotic matrix of OSF is involved in the malignant...
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a potentially malignant disorder of the oral mucosa; however, whether and how the fibrotic matrix of OSF is involved in the malignant transformation of epithelial cells remains unknown. Herein, oral mucosa tissue from patients with OSF, OSF rat models, and their controls were used to observe the extracellular matrix changes and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) in fibrotic lesions. Compared with controls, oral mucous tissues from patients with OSF showed an increased number of myofibroblasts, a decreased number of blood vessels, and increased type I and type III collagen levels. In addition, the oral mucous tissues from humans and OSF rats showed increased stiffness, accompanied by increased EMT activities of epithelial cells. The EMT activities of stiff construct-cultured epithelial cells were increased significantly by exogenous piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (Piezo1) activation, and decreased by yes-associated protein (YAP) inhibition. During ex vivo implantation, oral mucosal epithelial cells of the stiff group showed increased EMT activities and increased levels of Piezo1 and YAP compared with those in the sham and soft groups. These results indicate that increased stiffness of the fibrotic matrix in OSF led to increased proliferation and EMT of mucosal epithelial cells, in which the Piezo1-YAP signal transduction is important.
Topics: Humans; Rats; Animals; Oral Submucous Fibrosis; Mouth Mucosa; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Myofibroblasts; Epithelial Cells
PubMed: 37328100
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.05.014 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2023This is an attempt to briefly summarize the contributions to this second Special Issue of the on the barrier function of the skin and the oral mucosa [...].
This is an attempt to briefly summarize the contributions to this second Special Issue of the on the barrier function of the skin and the oral mucosa [...].
Topics: Mouth Mucosa; Skin
PubMed: 37761991
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813690 -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... May 2023White lesions in the oral cavity may be diverse in etiology and may present with significant clinical and sometimes histologic overlap between categories, making... (Review)
Review
White lesions in the oral cavity may be diverse in etiology and may present with significant clinical and sometimes histologic overlap between categories, making accurate diagnosis difficult at times. Although white lesions of immune and infectious etiology are covered in another article, this article discusses the differential diagnosis between developmental, reactive, idiopathic, premalignant, and malignant white lesions focusing on clinical features of each category.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Neoplasms; Precancerous Conditions; Diagnosis, Differential; Leukoplakia, Oral
PubMed: 37019506
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2022.10.010 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Global pandemics are most likely initiated via zoonotic transmission to humans in which respiratory viruses infect airways with relevance to mucosal systems. Out of the... (Review)
Review
Global pandemics are most likely initiated via zoonotic transmission to humans in which respiratory viruses infect airways with relevance to mucosal systems. Out of the known pandemics, five were initiated by respiratory viruses including current ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Striking progress in vaccine development and therapeutics has helped ameliorate the mortality and morbidity by infectious agents. Yet, organism replication and virus spread through mucosal tissues cannot be directly controlled by parenteral vaccines. A novel mitigation strategy is needed to elicit robust mucosal protection and broadly neutralizing activities to hamper virus entry mechanisms and inhibit transmission. This review focuses on the oral mucosa, which is a critical site of viral transmission and promising target to elicit sterile immunity. In addition to reviewing historic pandemics initiated by the zoonotic respiratory RNA viruses and the oral mucosal tissues, we discuss unique features of the oral immune responses. We address barriers and new prospects related to developing novel therapeutics to elicit protective immunity at the mucosal level to ultimately control transmission.
Topics: Humans; Pandemics; Mouth Mucosa; COVID-19; Vaccines; Viruses
PubMed: 37928529
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1220610 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2021Oral health awareness during the menopausal period is essential to minimize the inevitable inconveniences which may occur due to hormonal changes. The decrease in... (Review)
Review
Oral health awareness during the menopausal period is essential to minimize the inevitable inconveniences which may occur due to hormonal changes. The decrease in estrogen hormone concentration impacts the oral mucosa in a similar way to the vaginal mucosa due to the presence of estrogen receptors in both of these structures. An estrogen deficiency also affects the maturation process of the oral mucosal epithelium and can lead to its thinning and atrophy, making it more susceptible to local mechanical injuries, causing a change in pain tolerance and problems in the use of removable prosthetic restorations. Mucosal epithelium during the menopausal period is more vulnerable to infections, , burning mouth syndrome, oral lichen planus (OLP), or idiopathic neuropathy. Moreover, salivary glands are also hormone-dependent which leads to changes in saliva secretion and its consistency. In consequence, it may affect teeth and periodontal tissues, resulting in an increased risk of caries and periodontal disease in menopausal women. Due to the large variety of complaints and symptoms occurring in the oral cavity, menopausal women constitute a significant group of patients who should receive special preventive and therapeutic care from doctors and dentists in this particular period.
Topics: Burning Mouth Syndrome; Epithelium; Female; Humans; Lichen Planus, Oral; Menopause; Mouth Mucosa; Saliva
PubMed: 35010513
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010253 -
Annals of Anatomy = Anatomischer... May 2020The oral mucosa protects the underlying tissue from mechanical damage as well as from the entry of exogenous particles and microorganisms. Telocytes (TCs) are disputed...
BACKGROUND
The oral mucosa protects the underlying tissue from mechanical damage as well as from the entry of exogenous particles and microorganisms. Telocytes (TCs) are disputed stromal cells featuring peculiarly long and thin processes with uneven calibre known as telopodes, which play a number of roles within the interstitia. The present study aimed to test the key markers recommended for discriminating between TCs and false TCs in samples of normal oral mucosa.
METHODS
Archived paraffin-embedded oral mucosa samples were tested by means of immunohistochemistry with the following markers: CD34, D2-40, CD31 and CD68.
RESULTS
The epithelial expression of CD68, D2-40 and CD34 was detected. Two subsets of CD34-expressing stromal cells were identified, large cells with telopodial processes, presumably of the hematopoietic lineage, and spindle-shaped TC-like cells. Macrophages and TC-like cells within the lamina propria expressed CD68. The lymphatic endothelia were found to express CD31 and D2-40, but not CD34. Sprouting lymphangiogenesis was demonstrated by the lymphatic endothelial tip cells, which were projecting thin processes within the connective stroma.
CONCLUSIONS
The epithelial expression of CD68 suggests the professional phagocytic potential of the oral epithelium. Regarding the TCs and TC-like cells in the oral mucosa they could not be accurately distinguished from other possible cell types, neither on morphological basis (evidence of telopodes) nor by use of panels of markers which include CD34.
Topics: Aged; Antigens, CD; Antigens, CD34; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; Basement Membrane; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Lymphatic Vessels; Macrophages; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Middle Aged; Mouth Mucosa; Mucous Membrane; Phagocytes; Telocytes
PubMed: 31978570
DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151462 -
Swiss Dental Journal Mar 2021In addition to the tasks of pre-digestion, buffering of food acids, protection and remineralisation of tooth substance and moistening of the oral mucosa, saliva also...
In addition to the tasks of pre-digestion, buffering of food acids, protection and remineralisation of tooth substance and moistening of the oral mucosa, saliva also plays an important role in wound healing, and a reduced flow rate represents a serious problem for patients. The saliva flow rate measurement (sialometry) on patients before radiation therapy should take place as a routine procedure, the costs are covered by the statutory health insurance. Due to the increased risk of caries in patients with reduced salivary flow, optimum oral hygiene and professional prophylactic care are crucial. In addition to nutritional guidance of the patient, saliva substitutes and medicinal salivary stimulants are available on the market. Saliva analysis has recently become more of public interest, especially in the field of personalized medicine as various drugs, viruses and DNA can be detected in saliva.
Topics: Dental Caries; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Oral Hygiene; Saliva; Tooth
PubMed: 33666388
DOI: 10.61872/sdj-2021-03-05