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Andrologia Apr 2022
Topics: COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Epididymitis; Humans; Male; Orchitis; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination
PubMed: 34866218
DOI: 10.1111/and.14340 -
Critical Reviews in Microbiology Feb 2022Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by spp. Human infection often results from direct contact with tissues from infected animals or by consumption of... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by spp. Human infection often results from direct contact with tissues from infected animals or by consumption of undercooked meat and unpasteurised dairy products, causing serious economic losses and public health problems. The male genitourinary system is a common involved system in patients with brucellosis. Among them, unilateral orchitis and epididymitis are the most common. Although the clinical and imaging aspect of orchi-epididymitis caused by brucellosis have been widely described, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the damage and the immune response in testis and epididymis have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we first summarised the clinical characteristics of epididymo-orchitis and the composition of testicular and epididymal immune system. Secondly, with regard to the mechanism of epididymoorchitis, we mainly discussed the process of invading testis and epididymis in temporal and spatial order, including i) evades innate immune recognition of testicular PRRs;ii) overcomes the immune storm triggered by the invasion of testis through bacterial lipoproteins and virulence factors, and changes the secretion mode of cytokines; iii) breaks through the blood-testis barrier with the help of macrophages, and inflammatory cytokines promote the oxidative stress of Sertoli cells, damaging the integrity of BTB; iv) inhibits apoptosis of testicular phagocytes. Finally, we revealed the structure and sequence of testis invaded by at the tissue level. This review will enable us to better understand the pathogenesis of orchi-epididymitis caused by brucellosis and shed light on the development of new treatment strategies for the treatment of brucellosis and the prevention of transition to chronic form. Facing the testicle with immunity privilege, is like Bruce Lee in the movie , winning is survival while losing is death.HIGHLIGHTSWe summarized the clinical features and pathological changes of epididymoorchitis.Our research reveals the pathogenesis of epididymoorchitis, which mainly includes the subversion of testicular immune privilege by and a series of destructive reactions derived from it.As a basic framework and valuable resource, this study can promote the exploration of the pathogenesis of and provide reference for determining new therapeutic targets for brucellosis in the future.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Brucellosis; Epididymitis; Humans; Male; Orchitis; Zoonoses
PubMed: 34214000
DOI: 10.1080/1040841X.2021.1944055 -
Progres En Urologie : Journal de... Nov 2023The role of urogenital infections in male infertility has long been the subject of debate. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The role of urogenital infections in male infertility has long been the subject of debate.
METHODS
A bibliographic search limited to English-language literature on human subjects published before 5/2023 resulted in the selection of 189 articles.
RESULTS
Male infertility is often of multifactorial aetiology, and to optimise the prognosis it is important to manage all the factors that can be corrected, including infectious causes, which represent one of the most frequent aetiologies. The infectious agents involved in urogenital infections are most often bacterial or viral, and more rarely parasitic. They can infect the seminal tract, male accessory glands and/or testicles, and usually result in inflammation and increased oxidative stress. These infections reduce male fertility, in particular by altering spermogram parameters and increasing sperm DNA fragmentation. For these reasons, the search for a urogenital infection should be systematic, involving a careful history and clinical examination, ultrasound and systematic bacteriological tests guided by clinical findings. Aetiological treatment may be proposed depending on the picture and the germ involved.
CONCLUSION
This review should help the urologist to establish an accurate diagnosis of the form and extent of the infection, and enable him to define an appropriate therapeutic strategy, tailored to the patient, in order to obtain the best chances of improving male fertility.
Topics: Humans; Male; Semen; Infertility, Male; Inflammation; Spermatozoa; Testis; Urinary Tract Infections; Bacterial Infections
PubMed: 38012909
DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2023.09.015 -
Clinical Imaging Dec 2023Various infectious and inflammatory diseases affect the genitourinary system. This paper provides a review of multiple common and uncommon infectious and inflammatory... (Review)
Review
Various infectious and inflammatory diseases affect the genitourinary system. This paper provides a review of multiple common and uncommon infectious and inflammatory conditions affecting the genitourinary system and some associated complications. These include acute infectious cystitis, emphysematous cystitis, acute pyelonephritis, emphysematous pyelonephritis, renal and perinephric abscesses, pyonephrosis, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, epididymo-orchitis, vasitis, prostatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, renal hydatid infection, renal tuberculosis, actinomycosis, Erdheim-Chester Disease, IgG4-Related Kidney Disease, urethritis and urethral strictures, ureteritis cystica, and genitourinary fistulas. Radiologists should be aware of these diseases' complications and management. Uncommon conditions must be considered when evaluating the genitourinary system.
Topics: Male; Humans; Inflammation; Urogenital System; Pyelonephritis; Urinary Tract Infections; Kidney Diseases; Cystitis
PubMed: 37918136
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2023.110013 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020Infection and inflammation of the male reproductive tract are relevant causes of infertility. Inflammatory damage occurs in the special immunosuppressive... (Review)
Review
Infection and inflammation of the male reproductive tract are relevant causes of infertility. Inflammatory damage occurs in the special immunosuppressive microenvironment of the testis, a hallmark termed testicular immune privilege, which allows tolerance to neo-antigens from developing germ cells appearing at puberty, long after the establishment of systemic immune tolerance. Experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) is a well-established rodent model of chronic testicular inflammation and organ specific autoimmunity that offers a valuable tool to investigate the pathological and molecular mechanisms leading to the breakdown of the testicular immune privilege. The disease is characterized by the infiltration of the interstitium by immune cells (mainly macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells), formation of autoantibodies against testicular antigens, production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, MCP1, TNFα, IL6, or activins and dysregulation of steroidogenesis with reduced levels of serum testosterone. EAO leads to sloughing of germ cells, atrophic seminiferous tubules and fibrotic remodeling, parameters all found similarly to changes in human biopsies from infertile patients with inflammatory infiltrates. Interestingly, testosterone supplementation during the course of EAO leads to expansion of the regulatory T cell population and inhibition of disease development. Knowledge of EAO pathogenesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of human testicular autoimmune disease as an essential prerequisite for improved diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Humans; Male; Orchitis
PubMed: 33101310
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583135 -
Journal of the College of Physicians... Apr 2020To find parameters for differential diagnosis between Brucella epididymo-orchitis (BEO) and non-brucella epididymo-orchitis (NBEO) cases with comparison of BEO and...
OBJECTIVE
To find parameters for differential diagnosis between Brucella epididymo-orchitis (BEO) and non-brucella epididymo-orchitis (NBEO) cases with comparison of BEO and NBEO in terms of inflammatory markers, full urinalysis (FU) for pyuria, and abscess formation (AF).
STUDY DESIGN
Descriptive study.
PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY
Agri State Hospital Urology and Infectious Disease Clinics, between January 2014 and November 2017.
METHODOLOGY
Data of the patients, who were diagnosed with epididymo-orchitis, were divided in BEO and NBEO groups on the basic of serum agglutination test. Parameters including age, white blood cell neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, platelet, mean platelet volume, C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, monocyte/lymphocyte ratio, platelet / lymphocyte ratio, and FU. The values were statistically compared.
RESULTS
One hundred and thirty-eight (138) patients were found eligible for the study. Twenty-three (23) of these patients (16.66%) had BEO, and 115 (83.33%) had NBEO. BEO vs. NBEO cases were significantly different regarding mean age (26.17 ±8.15 vs. 48.53 ±21.78 years, p=0.0001) and frequency of pyuria (3,13.04%) vs. 89 (77.39%, p=0.001). However CRP values i.e. 6.07 ±6.59 vs. 6.07 ±5.85 mg/dl (p=0.999) was not significantly different.
CONCLUSION
BEO cases are often younger and do not have pyuria or abscess formation. High frequency of pyuria was found in NBEO cases. CRP levels cannot be used in the differential diagnosis between BEO and NBEO cases. Key Words: Abscess formation, Brucella epididymo-orchitis, C-reactive protein, Orchiectomy, Pyuria.
Topics: Brucella; Brucellosis; Epididymitis; Humans; Male; Orchitis; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 32513361
DOI: 10.29271/jcpsp.2020.04.403 -
Khirurgiia 2022To analyze clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of pediatric patients referred to our pediatric surgery center with abdominal pain as a main manifestation of...
OBJECTIVE
To analyze clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of pediatric patients referred to our pediatric surgery center with abdominal pain as a main manifestation of COVID-19.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed 56 patients with abdominal pain associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection at the Basrah Children Specialty Hospital between June 2020 and December 2021. We collected data including demographic data, symptoms, imaging data, laboratory findings, treatments, and clinical outcomes.
RESULTS
Fifty-six patients (48 male and 8 female) with a median age of 9 years were analyzed. All patients had abdominal pain. Fifty-two patients complained of vomiting, 48 patients with fever, 36 patients with cough, and 20 patients with shortness of breath. Twenty patients were diagnosed with acute appendicitis, two of them had appendicular abscess. Mesenteric lymphadenitis was found in 12 patients, obstructed inguinal hernia in 4 patients, and epididymo-orchitis in two patients. Ten patients required surgical intervention.
CONCLUSION
COVID-19 should be suspected in any child presenting with acute abdominal pain. In the era of COVID-19, all cases of abdominal pain in children including those with acute appendicitis are better to be treated conservatively.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Acute Disease; Appendicitis; COVID-19; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Retrospective Studies; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 36223151
DOI: 10.17116/hirurgia202210158 -
EMBO Molecular Medicine Feb 2024Inflammation in the testes induced by infection and autoimmunity contributes significantly to male infertility, a public health issue. Current therapies using...
Inflammation in the testes induced by infection and autoimmunity contributes significantly to male infertility, a public health issue. Current therapies using antibiotics and broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory drugs are ineffective against non-bacterial orchitis and induce side effects. This highlights the need to explore the pathogenesis of orchitis and develop alternative therapeutic strategies. In this study, we demonstrated that Gasdermin D (GSDMD) was activated in the testes during uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)-induced acute orchitis, and that GSDMD in macrophages induced inflammation and affected spermatogenesis during acute and chronic orchitis. In testicular macrophages, GSDMD promoted inflammation and antigen presentation, thereby enhancing the T-cell response after orchitis. Furthermore, the pharmacological inhibition of GSDMD alleviated the symptoms of UPEC-induced acute orchitis. Collectively, these findings provide the first demonstration of GSDMD's role in driving orchitis and suggest that GSDMD may be a potential therapeutic target for treating orchitis.
Topics: Male; Humans; Orchitis; Gasdermins; Antigen Presentation; Inflammation; Macrophages; Pyroptosis
PubMed: 38177538
DOI: 10.1038/s44321-023-00016-8 -
Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) Jan 2023Busulfan is an alkylating agent commonly used in cancer chemotherapy. It is also an ideal agent for preparing transplant recipients of spermatogonial stem cells because... (Review)
Review
Busulfan is an alkylating agent commonly used in cancer chemotherapy. It is also an ideal agent for preparing transplant recipients of spermatogonial stem cells because of its high efficiency in destroying endogenous germ cells in the testis. However, its toxicity mechanism remains unclear, affecting its clinical use and applications. Based on reports of busulfan causing orchitis and a previous study by our team, this article summarizes the relationship between busulfan and orchitis, cytokines, the blood-testis barrier, and the cytoskeleton, unravels the regulatory pathways and mechanism behind busulfan-induced orchitis, and reveals the molecular mechanism underlying impaired spermatogenic function in orchitis, providing new ideas for the clinical application of busulfan while reducing its testicular toxicity.
Topics: Male; Humans; Busulfan; Spermatogonia; Orchitis; Testis; Infertility, Male
PubMed: 36372306
DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.11.002 -
European Review For Medical and... Jan 2021The objective of this review is to provide currently available information on the potential effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on male fertility. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this review is to provide currently available information on the potential effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on male fertility.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This is a mini-review. Due to the similarity between the COVID-19 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, we searched for the following keywords: "SARS-CoV, male reproductive system, infertility, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and orchitis". By reviewing and analyzing the literature, we analyzed the influence of temperature on sperm, the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the testes, and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive system.
RESULTS
SARS-CoV-2 enters the body through the ACE2 receptor. The high expression of ACE2 on the surface of spermatogonia and supporting cells in the testes, as well as the immune response caused by COVID-19, can lead to testicular spermatogenesis dysfunction and reduced sperm count.
CONCLUSIONS
COVID-19 infection can affect male reproductive function, and standard treatment strategies should be established in time to help male patients infected with COVID-19.
Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; COVID-19; Genitalia, Male; Humans; Male; Orchitis; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 33577068
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202101_24682