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PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science... 2020Urea is used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes for the purification of therapeutic proteins, for cleaning columns, and for refolding proteins after...
Urea is used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes for the purification of therapeutic proteins, for cleaning columns, and for refolding proteins after purification. The urea used for such purposes is typically USP grade material obtained from commercial sources and further characterization is required prior to use, such as determination of purity and identity. For this purpose, a robust analytical method is needed that can characterize the known organic impurities of urea. However, the existing methods show high assay variability and are not able to resolve all known organic impurities as desired for accurate quantification. In the present manuscript we developed a new high-performance liquid chromatography method with UV detection for the separation of urea and its impurities (biuret, cyanuric acid, and triuret). The method performance characteristics evaluated for urea and biuret were specificity, linearity, accuracy, identity, precision, and robustness and the newly developed method met all predefined performance acceptance criteria.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Contamination; Reproducibility of Results; Ultraviolet Rays; Urea
PubMed: 31209168
DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2018.009803 -
PloS One 2021Industrial waste salt is classified as hazardous waste to the environment. The organic impurity and its occurrence in industrial waste salt affect the salt resource...
Industrial waste salt is classified as hazardous waste to the environment. The organic impurity and its occurrence in industrial waste salt affect the salt resource utilization. In this paper, composition quantitative analysis, XRD, TG-DSC, SEM/FIB-SEM coupled with EDS, FTIR, XPS and GC-Ms were chosen to investigate the organic impurity and its occurrence in industrial waste salt. The organic impurities owe small proportion (1.77%) in the specimen and exhibit weak thermal stability within the temperature of 600°C. A clear definition of organic impurity, including 11 kinds of organic compounds, including aldehyde, benzene and its derivatives etc., were detected in the industrial waste salt. These organic impurities, owing (C-O/C-O-C, C-OH/C = O, C-C/CHx/C = C etc.)-containing function group substance, are mainly distributed both on the surface and inside of the salt particles. Meanwhile, the organic substance may combine with metal cations (Ni2+, Mg2+, Cu2+ etc.) through functional groups, such as hydroxide, carbonyl etc., which increases its stability in the industrial waste salt. These findings provide comprehensive information for the resource utilization of industrial waste salt from chemical industry etc.
Topics: Chemical Phenomena; China; Hazardous Waste; Industrial Waste; Organic Chemicals; Salts; Sodium Chloride
PubMed: 34415952
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256101 -
Drug Testing and Analysis Mar 2022The National Measurement Institute's Methylamphetamine Profiling Program has evolved over the last 15 years to address analytical challenges faced with changes in... (Review)
Review
The National Measurement Institute's Methylamphetamine Profiling Program has evolved over the last 15 years to address analytical challenges faced with changes in illicit methylamphetamine production. The program involves organic and inorganic analysis of methylamphetamine to determine the precursors and synthetic route used in manufacture. This paper discusses changes in the methylamphetamine chemical profile for samples received at this laboratory during January 2011 to December 2020. In particular, changes observed in the methylamphetamine purity, potency, synthetic route, precursor and precursor synthetic origin are discussed. Over 13,180 samples were analysed during this period consisting of samples seized on the streets and the Australian border. This paper shows correlations between methylamphetamine seizures at the Australian border with international clandestine laboratory and precursor seizures trends. As the illicit drug landscape changes so too must our approach to chemical profiling if we are to confidently determine the synthetic origin of methylamphetamine.
Topics: Australia; Commerce; Illicit Drugs; Methamphetamine
PubMed: 34156767
DOI: 10.1002/dta.3117 -
Engineering in Life Sciences Dec 2019Current global environmental issues raise unavoidable challenges for our use of natural resources. Supplying the human population with clean water is becoming a global... (Review)
Review
Current global environmental issues raise unavoidable challenges for our use of natural resources. Supplying the human population with clean water is becoming a global problem. Numerous organic and inorganic impurities in municipal, industrial, and agricultural waters, ranging from microplastics to high nutrient loads and heavy metals, endanger our nutrition and health. The development of efficient wastewater treatment technologies and circular economic approaches is thus becoming increasingly important. The biomass production of microalgae using industrial wastewater offers the possibility of recycling industrial residues to create new sources of raw materials for energy and material use. This review discusses algae-based wastewater treatment technologies with a special focus on industrial wastewater sources, the potential of non-conventional extremophilic (thermophilic, acidophilic, and psychrophilic) microalgae, and industrial algae-wastewater treatment concepts that have already been put into practice.
PubMed: 32624978
DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900071 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2022The chitosan-modified biochar composite, as a carbohydrate polymer, has received increasing attention and becomes a research hotspot. It is a promising impurity... (Review)
Review
The chitosan-modified biochar composite, as a carbohydrate polymer, has received increasing attention and becomes a research hotspot. It is a promising impurity adsorption material, which has potential application value in the agricultural environment fields such as soil improvement and sewage purification. The composite can combine the advantages of biochar with chitosan, and the resulting composite usually exhibits a great improvement in its surface functional groups, adsorption sites, stability, and adsorption properties. In addition, compared to other adsorbents, the composite truly achieves the concept of "waste control by waste". In this paper, the preparation method, composite classification, adsorption mechanism, and models of biochar modified by chitosan are introduced, meanwhile, we also review and summarize their effects on the decontamination of wastewater and soil. In addition to common heavy metal ions, we also review the adsorption and removal of some other organic/inorganic pollutants, including (1) drug residues; (2) dyes; (3) phosphates; (4) radionuclides; (5) perfluorochemicals, etc. Moreover, challenges and prospects for the composite are presented and further studies are called for the chitosan-biochar composite. We believe that the composite will lead to further achievements in the field of environmental remediation.
Topics: Adsorption; Charcoal; Chitosan; Metals, Heavy; Soil; Wastewater; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 35390400
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.006 -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry... Apr 2023Organic semiconductors have found a broad range of application in areas such as light emission, photovoltaics, and optoelectronics. The active components in such devices... (Review)
Review
Organic semiconductors have found a broad range of application in areas such as light emission, photovoltaics, and optoelectronics. The active components in such devices are based on molecular and polymeric organic semiconductors, where the density of states is generally determined by the disordered nature of the molecular solid rather than energy bands. Inevitably, there exist states within the energy gap which may include tail states, deep traps caused by unavoidable impurities and defects, as well as intermolecular states due to (radiative) charge transfer states. In this Perspective, we first summarize methods to determine the absorption features due to the subgap states. We then explain how subgap states can be parametrized based upon the subgap spectral line shapes. We finally describe the role of subgap states in the performance metrics of organic semiconductor devices from a thermodynamic viewpoint.
PubMed: 36961944
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00021 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jan 2022Water is one of the basic necessities of life and having clean water is extremely important for human health. In recent years, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-based polymers and... (Review)
Review
Water is one of the basic necessities of life and having clean water is extremely important for human health. In recent years, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-based polymers and nanosystems have been extensively studied as adsorbents for the purpose of water purification. They present high efficiency and capability to remove inorganic, organic, and heavy metal impurities from wastewater as compared to conventional methods of water purification. β-CDs are cyclic polysaccharides having specific dimension of hydrophobic cavities and hydrophilic functional groups. The hydrophobic cavities form inclusion complexes through host-guest interactions. The hydroxyl groups form sites of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction with pollutants. Additionally, they are also the sites of modification to bring about different derivatisation and polymerization reactions in order to impart desirable properties for efficient adsorption material. This article comprises of various derivatives of β-cyclodextrins: their nanoparticulate systems and their characterization and applications to remove different types of impurities from wastewater. The chemical reactions for their synthesis and mechanism of adsorption are highlighted.
Topics: Cyclodextrins; Humans; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification; beta-Cyclodextrins
PubMed: 34686957
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17014-3 -
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Jan 2020Organic semiconducting single crystals are perfect for both fundamental and application-oriented research due to the advantages of free grain boundaries, few defects,... (Review)
Review
Organic semiconducting single crystals are perfect for both fundamental and application-oriented research due to the advantages of free grain boundaries, few defects, and minimal traps and impurities, as well as their low-temperature processability, high flexibility, and low cost. Carrier mobilities of greater than 10 cm V s in some organic single crystals indicate a promising application in electronic devices. The progress made, including the molecular structures and fabrication technologies of organic single crystals, is introduced and organic single-crystal electronic devices, including field-effect transistors, phototransistors, p-n heterojunctions, and circuits, are summarized. Organic two-dimensional single crystals, cocrystals, and large single crystals, together with some potential applications, are introduced. A state-of-the-art overview of organic single-crystal electronics, with their challenges and prospects, is also provided.
PubMed: 30927312
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814439 -
Journal of Environmental Management Oct 2022High-silica phosphogypsum (PG) is a kind of industrial by-product with great utilization potential. However, it is difficult to reuse PG directly due to the related...
High-silica phosphogypsum (PG) is a kind of industrial by-product with great utilization potential. However, it is difficult to reuse PG directly due to the related gangue minerals (e.g., SiO), and thus efficient purification is required to allow its further applications. Herein, a typical high-silica phosphogypsum waste was purified by a new "reverse-direct flotation" method. The organic matters and fine slimes were removed by reverse flotation, and then, the silica impurity was removed by direct flotation. Via the closed-circuit flotation process, the whiteness of the PG concentrate is improved from 33.23 to 63.42, and the purity of gypsum in the PG concentrate increases from 83.90% to 96.70%, with a gypsum recovery of 85%. Additionally, the content of SiO is significantly reduced from 11.11% to 0.07%. In-depth investigations suggest that the difference in the floatability of gypsum and quartz is prominently intensified by flotation reagents at pH = 2-2.5, and thus leads to good desilication performance. Further characteristics of the PG concentrate prove that impurities have been well removed, and the PG concentrate meets the requirement of related standards for gypsum building materials. The flotation method reported here paves the way for the purification of high-silica phosphogypsum, which can be extended to the purification and value-added reutilization of other industrial solid wastes.
Topics: Calcium Sulfate; Industrial Waste; Phosphorus; Silicon Dioxide
PubMed: 35932745
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115824 -
Environmental Research Jan 2023Olive mill wastewater (OMW), produced during olive oil production, contains high levels of salt contents, organic matter, suspended particles, and toxic chemicals... (Review)
Review
Olive mill wastewater (OMW), produced during olive oil production, contains high levels of salt contents, organic matter, suspended particles, and toxic chemicals (particularly phenols), which all result in increased biological and chemical oxygen demand. Olive Oil Mills' Wastes (OMW), which have dark brown color with unpleasant smell, consist mainly of water, high organic (mainly phenols and polyphenols) and low inorganic compounds (e.g. potassium and phosphorus), as well as grease. OMW components can negatively affect soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties, rendering it phytotoxic. However, OMW can positively affect plants' development when it's applied to the soil after pretreatment and treatment processes due to its high mineral contents and organic matter. There are various approaches for removing impurities and the treatment of OMW including chemical, biological, thermal, physiochemical, and biophysical processes. Physical techniques involve filtration, dilution, and centrifugation. Thermal methods include combustion and pyrolysis; biological techniques use anaerobic and aerobic techniques, whereas adsorption and electrocoagulation act as physiochemical methods, and coagulation and flocculation as biophysical methods. In contrast, combined biological treatment methods use co-digestion and composting. A comparison of the effects of both treated and untreated OMW samples on plant development and soil parameters can help us to understand the potential role of OMW in increasing soil fertility. This review discusses the impacts of untreated OMW and treated OMW in terms of soil characteristics, seed germination, and plant growth. This review summarizes all alternative approaches and technologies for pretreatment, treatment, and recovery of valuable byproducts and reuse of OMW across the world.
Topics: Wastewater; Olea; Olive Oil; Soil; Phenols; Industrial Waste; Waste Disposal, Fluid
PubMed: 36309216
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114399