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The Journal of Nutrition Sep 2022The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2020 DGA) recommend 3 dietary patterns for Americans, including a Healthy Vegetarian Dietary Pattern (HVDP).
BACKGROUND
The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2020 DGA) recommend 3 dietary patterns for Americans, including a Healthy Vegetarian Dietary Pattern (HVDP).
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to assess whether nutritionally adequate dairy-free and vegan adaptations to the HVDP can be modeled with foods already in the DGA.
METHODS
Using similar food pattern modeling procedures as the 2020 DGA, the nutrient composition of 2 alternative models-dairy-free and vegan-of the 1800-, 2000-, 2200-, and 2400-kcal/d HVDPs was assessed. The dairy food group was replaced with a dairy alternative group comprised of soy milk and soy yogurt fortified with calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin D. For the vegan model, eggs were replaced with equal proportions of vegetarian protein foods.
RESULTS
Dairy-free and vegan models required minimal changes to the HVDP. Cup-equivalents and/or ounce-equivalents of vegetables, fruits, grains, oils, and discretionary calories remained unchanged. Content of total fat, polyunsaturated fat, linoleic acid (18:2n-6), linolenic acid, iron, copper, vitamin D, riboflavin, vitamin B-12, and vitamin K increased in both models by ≥10% (all comparisons relative to the original HVDP). Choline increased ≥25% in the dairy-free models. Protein decreased 11% in both 1800-kcal/d models and 10% in both 2000-kcal/d models. Sodium, cholesterol, zinc, and phosphorus decreased across all energy levels in both models, and selenium decreased in the vegan model. Carbohydrate, fiber, saturated fat, EPA, DHA, calcium, magnesium, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, thiamin, folate, and vitamin B-6 changed ≤10%. Both models contained adequate nutrients to meet Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for most age and sex groups for which 1800-, 2000-, 2200-, and 2400-kcal/d diets are appropriate. Zinc was the only nutrient below the DRI for males.
CONCLUSIONS
The dairy-free and vegan HVDP models could help adults who do not consume dairy foods and/or other animal products to meet nutrition recommendations.
Topics: Calcium; Calcium, Dietary; Diet; Diet, Vegetarian; Humans; Male; United States; United States Department of Agriculture; Vegans; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamins; Zinc
PubMed: 35485767
DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac100 -
International Journal of Nursing Studies Feb 2021Older adults with dysphagia are at a higher risk of experiencing serious complications where dysphagia is not identified and adequately managed. Nursing personnel are... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Older adults with dysphagia are at a higher risk of experiencing serious complications where dysphagia is not identified and adequately managed. Nursing personnel are critical for timely identification and management of dysphagia and prevention of these subsequent serious complications in residential care settings.
OBJECTIVES
To identify dysphagia screening tools used in residential care and to establish whether validated and used as per guidelines, their diagnostic accuracy and reliability and to identify the prevalence rate of dysphagia in this setting.
DESIGN
A scoping review based on Arksey & O'Malley (2005) methodological framework.
DATA SOURCES
An electronic search of databases CINAHL, Pubmed and Scopus was conducted. Reference lists were checked in all identified articles for additional studies. Peer-reviewed publications describing the process of identifying dysphagia and using a screening protocol in residential care settings were considered for inclusion.
REVIEW METHODS
All identified studies were screened by reading of titles, keywords and abstracts. Those articles that were deemed eligible for inclusion were read in full.
RESULTS
Nineteen quantitative studies and one mixed-methods study out of 1,674 articles were included in the review. Thirteen different instruments for dysphagia screening were identified, with the Modified Water Swallow Test being the most commonly used. Other diagnostic procedures, such as fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, pulse oximetry or cervical auscultation, were implemented along with the administration of a dysphagia screening tool in six studies. The 3-Ounce Water Swallow Test, the Yale Swallow Protocol and the Gugging Swallowing Screen were identified as the instruments with the best clinical accuracy values. The reported prevalence of dysphagia in this setting ranged from 15% to 70%.
CONCLUSIONS
Formal dysphagia screening in residential care settings is not common practice. The dysphagia screening tools identified in this review are not validated for use in this setting. The implementation of dysphagia screening protocols specific to this population may facilitate identification of dysphagia and avoid complications.
Topics: Aged; Deglutition; Deglutition Disorders; Delivery of Health Care; Humans; Mass Screening; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 33220569
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103813 -
Journal of Histotechnology Sep 2023Cat food production is a billion-dollar industry in the United States, with most pet owners trusting pet food companies to provide their pets with complete nutrition....
Cat food production is a billion-dollar industry in the United States, with most pet owners trusting pet food companies to provide their pets with complete nutrition. Moist or canned cat food is healthier than dry kibble for cats due to its higher water content promoting healthy kidney function, but ingredient labels on canned cat food are lengthy with ambiguous terminology including 'animal by-products.' Forty canned cat food samples were collected from grocery stores and were processed using routine histologic methods. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections were evaluated microscopically to determine the cat food content. Many brands and flavors were composed of well-preserved skeletal muscles admixed with various animal organs, which closely approximates nutritional components found in natural feline prey. However, several samples demonstrated marked degenerative changes suggesting a delay in food processing and potential decrease in nutrient content. Four samples contained cuts consisting of skeletal muscle only with no organ meat. Surprisingly, 10 samples contained fungal spores and 15 demonstrated refractile particulate matter. A cost analysis demonstrated that although the overall quality of canned cat food increases as the average cost per ounce increases, low-cost high-quality canned cat food is available.
Topics: Animals; Cats; United States; Animal Feed; Food, Preserved; Meat; Food Handling
PubMed: 36811489
DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2023.2177815 -
The American Journal of Geriatric... May 2021
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Amyloidosis; Antidepressive Agents; Depression; Humans
PubMed: 33293249
DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.11.006 -
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and... Nov 2022Marketing strategies for sweetened beverages (SBs) are pervasive across food retail. Yet few studies have examined how these strategies associate with planned and... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Marketing strategies for sweetened beverages (SBs) are pervasive across food retail. Yet few studies have examined how these strategies associate with planned and unplanned SB purchasing.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to examine whether customers with greater exposure to SB retail marketing (eg, advertisements and product placement) were more likely to purchase an SB and whether this varied by customer characteristics.
DESIGN
This was an observational, cross-sectional study using objective customer purchasing and store assessment data from convenience and other small food stores.
PARTICIPANTS/SETTING
Participants were 1,604 food and beverage customers at 144 randomly sampled convenience and other small food stores in Minneapolis-St Paul, MN.
EXPOSURE
Marketing strategies, including SB advertisements, placement, and shelf space were included.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
We determined the probability of customers purchasing ≥4 fluid ounces of a ready-to-drink sugar and/or artificially sweetened beverage.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED
Associations between marketing strategies and purchasing were estimated using mixed regression models, controlling for customer characteristics and accounting for customers nested within stores.
RESULTS
Fifty-six percent of customers purchased an SB; 14% also specified that it was an unplanned purchase. Customers were more likely to purchase an SB when exterior advertisements (P < .001) and advertisements hanging from the ceiling (P < .001) that promoted SBs were present. Customers with moderate and high cumulative exposure to SB marketing were significantly more likely to purchase SBs (51.2% and 54.9%, respectively) than those with lower exposure (34%); this effect was particularly salient for men. There were no significant associations between retail marketing strategies and unplanned purchases.
CONCLUSIONS
Findings demonstrate that feasible and sustainable approaches are required from policy makers, retailers, and public health professionals to shift store environments away from cues that promote unhealthy beverage selections. Given that numerous retail actors are invested in the availability, promotion, and sales of SBs, changing the predominance of SB marketing in convenience stores will likely be challenging and require cross-sector collaboration.
Topics: Male; Humans; Sugar-Sweetened Beverages; Sweetening Agents; Consumer Behavior; Beverages; Commerce; Food Supply; Marketing; Sugars
PubMed: 35240342
DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2022.02.017 -
Journal of Human Nutrition and... Oct 2023Limited literature has addressed the impact of nut consumption in mitigating frailty. This study aimed to investigate the association between nut consumption and frailty...
BACKGROUND
Limited literature has addressed the impact of nut consumption in mitigating frailty. This study aimed to investigate the association between nut consumption and frailty among Americans aged above 60 years, employing two 24-h dietary recalls for analysis.
METHODS
The data sets of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2003-2018) and the Food Patterns Equivalents Database were utilised for a weighted multiple logistic regression model to evaluate the association between nut consumption and frailty in elderly adults. Furthermore, a restricted cubic spline model was employed to investigate the nonlinear relationship between nut intake and frailty. Besides, stratified and interaction analyses were conducted to explore the sensitivity of nut consumption in reducing the risk of frailty in diverse subgroups.
RESULTS
The research study comprised 10,033 individuals aged 60 years or above, of whom 3591 were classified as frailty and 5302 consumed nuts. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis that adjusted for covariates, the weighted multivariate adjusted odds ratios demonstrated that the prevalence of frailty was lower in the nut intake group than in nonconsumers. The stratified analysis indicated that nearly all subgroups who consumed nuts had a significantly lower risk of frailty compared to nonconsumers, and an interaction was observed between nut intake and nonhypertensive populations. The optimal threshold for nut intake to decrease the risk of frailty was identified as 1.02 ounces.
CONCLUSIONS
The study concluded that nut consumption has a constructive impact on averting frailty in elderly adults, particularly in nonhypertensive individuals. Nut intake of ~1.02 ounces per day is advantageous in improving the quality of life in elderly adults.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Humans; United States; Nutrition Surveys; Nuts; Cross-Sectional Studies; Frailty; Quality of Life; Diet
PubMed: 37448140
DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13208 -
JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral... Nov 2023This study quantified the displacement of human milk by commercial human milk fortifiers (HMFs) and infant formulas.
BACKGROUND
This study quantified the displacement of human milk by commercial human milk fortifiers (HMFs) and infant formulas.
METHODS
Commercial liquid HMFs and powder infant formulas were added to pasteurized pooled donor human milk in triplicate, stirred, and weighed. The difference in weight between unfortified and fortified human milk at 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, and 30 kcal/ounce was calculated.
RESULTS
The displacement of human milk by liquid HMFs and powder infant formulas and powder HMF was highly associated with energy density. A human milk-derived HMF displaced significantly more human milk when compared with bovine milk-derived HMFs at equivalent energy densities. Similarly, powder infant formulas displaced less human milk when compared with a powder HMF, and the addition of hydrolyzed powder infant formulas resulted in less human milk displacement when compared with nonhydrolyzed powder infant formulas.
CONCLUSIONS
The displacement of human milk by commercial liquid HMFs and infant formulas must be considered when selecting a fortifying strategy.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Milk, Human; Powders; Dietary Supplements; Infant Formula
PubMed: 37488685
DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2553 -
Neurogastroenterology and Motility Apr 2023Swallow and cough dysfunction are possible surgical complications of lung transplantation (LT). We examined voluntary cough strength, sensorimotor reflexive cough...
OBJECTIVES
Swallow and cough dysfunction are possible surgical complications of lung transplantation (LT). We examined voluntary cough strength, sensorimotor reflexive cough integrity, and swallow-related respiratory rate (RR) across swallowing safety and aspiration response groups in recovering LT recipients.
METHODS
Forty-five LT recipients underwent flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing indexed by the validated Penetration Aspiration Scale. RR before and after a 3-ounce water drinking task was measured. Voluntary and reflexive cough screening were performed to index motor and sensory outcomes. T-tests, one-way ANOVAs, and chi-square (odds ratios) were used.
RESULTS
60% of patients exhibited laryngeal penetration (n = 27) and 40% demonstrated tracheal aspiration (n = 18); 72% (n = 13) demonstrated silent aspiration. Baseline RR was higher in aspirators versus non-aspirators (26.5 vs. 22.6, p = 0.04) and in silent aspirators compared to non-silent aspirators (27.9 vs. 20.7, p = 0.01). RR change post-swallowing did not differ between aspiration response groups; however, it was significantly higher in aspirators compared to non-aspirators (3 vs. -2, p = 0.02). Compared to non-silent aspirators, silent aspirators demonstrated reduced voluntary cough peak expiratory flow (PEF; 166 vs. 324 L/min, p = 0.01). PEF, motor and urge to cough reflex cough ratings did not differ between aspirators and non-aspirators. Silent aspirators demonstrated a 7.5 times higher odds of failing reflex cough screening compared to non-silent aspirators (p = 0.07).
CONCLUSIONS
During the acute recovery period, all LT participants demonstrated some degree of unsafe swallowing and reduced voluntary cough strength. Silent aspirators exhibited elevated RR, reduced voluntary cough physiologic capacity to defend the airway, and a clinically distinguishable blunted motor response to reflex cough screening.
Topics: Humans; Cough; Deglutition Disorders; Prospective Studies; Deglutition; Lung Transplantation
PubMed: 36168190
DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14458 -
Advanced Healthcare Materials Oct 2023The application of nanomaterials in healthcare has emerged as a promising strategy due to their unique structural diversity, surface properties, and compositional... (Review)
Review
The application of nanomaterials in healthcare has emerged as a promising strategy due to their unique structural diversity, surface properties, and compositional diversity. In particular, nanomaterials have found a significant role in improving drug delivery and inhibiting the growth and metastasis of tumor cells. Moreover, recent studies have highlighted their potential in modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and enhancing the activity of immune cells to improve tumor therapy efficacy. Various types of nanomaterials are currently utilized as drug carriers, immunosuppressants, immune activators, immunoassay reagents, and more for tumor immunotherapy. Necessarily, nanomaterials used for tumor immunotherapy can be grouped into two categories: organic and inorganic nanomaterials. Though both have shown the ability to achieve the purpose of tumor immunotherapy, their composition and structural properties result in differences in their mechanisms and modes of action. Organic nanomaterials can be further divided into organic polymers, cell membranes, nanoemulsion-modified, and hydrogel forms. At the same time, inorganic nanomaterials can be broadly classified as nonmetallic and metallic nanomaterials. The current work aims to explore the mechanisms of action of these different types of nanomaterials and their prospects for promoting tumor immunotherapy.
Topics: Humans; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Carriers; Nanostructures; Immunotherapy; Tumor Microenvironment; Neoplasms
PubMed: 37539730
DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300882 -
Seminars in Plastic Surgery May 2021Upper and lower eyelid blepharoplasty are common procedures performed to provide a more youthful and rejuvenated appearance. However, this seemingly straightforward... (Review)
Review
Upper and lower eyelid blepharoplasty are common procedures performed to provide a more youthful and rejuvenated appearance. However, this seemingly straightforward procedure may result in lid malpositions, frustrating the patient and surgeon alike, which ultimately require further treatment. We review preoperative assessment pearls to avoid these lid malpositions, as well as options for treating any postoperative complications related to lid position. Many of the techniques discussed in this article, in addition to many other oculoplastic procedures, are available to view in Dr. Richard C. Allen's operative video library at: http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/video/plastics/ .
PubMed: 34121942
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1727281