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Journal of Morphology May 2022The main goal of the article is to describe the ovary organization and oogenesis in Peristodrilus montanus, an aquatic oligochaete of the subfamily Rhyacodrilinae. The...
The main goal of the article is to describe the ovary organization and oogenesis in Peristodrilus montanus, an aquatic oligochaete of the subfamily Rhyacodrilinae. The presented analysis will not only enrich the knowledge about how eggs are formed but, because of the suggested conservatism of ovary organization in clitellate annelids, can contribute to disentangling the complex phylogenetic relationships of the rhyacodrilines within Naididae. The paired, conically shaped ovaries are located in segment XI. They are composed of a dozen or so syncytial germ-line cysts, which are associated with somatic cells. Each germ cell in a cyst has one intercellular bridge that joins it to a central and anuclear cytoplasmic mass, the cytophore. This pattern of cyst organization is typical for all clitellates that have been studied to date. Initially, the germ cells in a cyst undergo a synchronous development, however, there is no synchrony between cysts, and therefore there is a developmental gradient (oogonia, pre-diplotene germ cells, germ cells in diplotene) of oogenesis along the long ovary axis. The cysts are composed of a maximum of 32 cells. Cysts with cells in diplotene detach from the ovaries and the extraovarian phase of oogenesis begins. The developmental synchrony is lost, one cell (an oocyte) per cyst starts to gather cell components and yolk and grows considerably. The remaining cells grow to some extent and function as nurse cells. Like in other microdriles, P. montanus oocytes are rich in yolk; other features of oogenesis are also similar to those that are known from other microdrile taxa. The system of ovary organization found in the studied species is broadly similar to the corresponding features known from Naidinae and Phreodrilidae and, to some extent, in Enchytraeidae. However, this system is different from the one that is known in Tubificinae, Limnodriloidinae and Branchiurinae.
Topics: Animals; Cysts; Female; Oligochaeta; Oocytes; Oogenesis; Ovary; Phylogeny
PubMed: 35150164
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21461 -
Journal of Nanobiotechnology May 2024Two-dimensional ultrathin TiC (MXene) nanosheets have gained significant attention in various biomedical applications. Although previous studies have described the...
BACKGROUND
Two-dimensional ultrathin TiC (MXene) nanosheets have gained significant attention in various biomedical applications. Although previous studies have described the accumulation and associated damage of TiC nanosheets in the testes and placenta. However, it is currently unclear whether TiC nanosheets can be translocated to the ovaries and cause ovarian damage, thereby impairing ovarian functions.
RESULTS
We established a mouse model with different doses (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg bw/d) of TiC nanosheets injected intravenously for three days. We demonstrated that TiC nanosheets can enter the ovaries and were internalized by granulosa cells, leading to a decrease in the number of primary, secondary and antral follicles. Furthermore, the decrease in follicles is closely associated with higher levels of FSH and LH, as well as increased level of E and P, and decreased level of T in mouse ovary. In further studies, we found that exposure toTiC nanosheets increased the levels of Beclin1, ATG5, and the ratio of LC3II/Ι, leading to autophagy activation. Additionally, the level of P62 increased, resulting in autophagic flux blockade. TiC nanosheets can activate autophagy through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, with oxidative stress playing an important role in this process. Therefore, we chose the ovarian granulosa cell line (KGN cells) for in vitro validation of the impact of autophagy on the hormone secretion capability. The inhibition of autophagy initiation by 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) promoted smooth autophagic flow, thereby partially reduced the secretion of estradiol and progesterone by KGN cells; Whereas blocking autophagic flux by Rapamycin (RAPA) further exacerbated the secretion of estradiol and progesterone in cells.
CONCLUSION
TiC nanosheet-induced increased secretion of hormones in the ovary is mediated through the activation of autophagy and impairment of autophagic flux, which disrupts normal follicular development. These results imply that autophagy dysfunction may be one of the underlying mechanisms of TiC-induced damage to ovarian granulosa cells. Our findings further reveal the mechanism of female reproductive toxicity induced by TiC nanosheets.
Topics: Animals; Female; Autophagy; Titanium; Mice; Ovary; Nanostructures; Granulosa Cells; Signal Transduction; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Ovarian Follicle; Oxidative Stress; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
PubMed: 38735936
DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02495-4 -
Acta Histochemica Nov 2019Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate several physiological processes in female mammals, many of which are related to reproduction such as steroidogenesis in the ovary, oocyte...
Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate several physiological processes in female mammals, many of which are related to reproduction such as steroidogenesis in the ovary, oocyte and granulosa cells maturation, follicular development and differentiation, and ovulation. THs actions require the presence of THs transporters to facilitate their cellular uptake and efflux. MCT8 and OATP1C1 are the principal THs transporters. The aim of the present study was to determine the gene expression and cellular localization of MCT8 and OATP1C1 in the rat ovary during the diestrus-II cycle phase. Ovaries of virgin adult rats were histologically processed. Reverse Transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry analyses for MCT8 and OATP1C1 were done. MCT8 gene expression level was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) than that of OATP1C1 in the rat ovary. MCT8 and OATP1C1 were found in all types of ovarian cells but with different immunoreactivity. MCT8 showed stronger immunoreactivity in tertiary and Graafian follicles, corpus luteum and blood vessels, whereas OATP1C1's immunoreactivity was stronger in stroma cells, tunica albuginea, and blood vessels. Our results provide evidence that THs and their transporters are both necessary for ovarian function and that any alteration in these transporters could interfere with reproductive processes such as ovulation and steroidogenesis, compromising fertility.
Topics: Animals; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Immunohistochemistry; Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters; Organic Cation Transport Proteins; Ovary; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 31561916
DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.151440 -
Theriogenology Sep 2021During an ovulatory follicular wave in the monovulatory species of heifers, mares, and women, the two largest follicles deviate in diameter at the end of a common... (Review)
Review
During an ovulatory follicular wave in the monovulatory species of heifers, mares, and women, the two largest follicles deviate in diameter at the end of a common follicle growth phase. The largest follicle before deviation becomes the future ovulatory follicle in most ovulatory waves. In 10-30% of the ovulatory waves, the destiny of the two follicles switches just before or at deviation so that the second-largest follicle becomes the future ovulatory follicle, and the largest follicle becomes a subordinate. In FSH-driven switching in heifers, mares, and women, the wave-stimulating FSH surge decreases to a low concentration before the largest follicle has developed the ability to utilize the low concentrations. The concentrations of FSH then increase (mares, women) or cease to decrease (heifers), and the next largest follicle acquires the capability of becoming the future ovulatory follicle. Luteolysis-driven switching has been reported in heifers but not in mares and women. The switching in heifers occurs during ovulatory wave 3 of three wave interovulatory intervals (IOI) when the wave of follicles is in the common growth phase in synchrony with the time of luteolysis. Regression of the CL during the common growth phase of ovulatory wave 3 is accompanied by decreased activity of follicles that are adjacent to the regressing CL but not when follicles and CL are separated or in opposite ovaries. The role of luteolysis in switching in heifers has been tested by treating with PGF2α when the largest follicle of wave 2 was near the end of the common growth phase. Switching in destiny of the largest follicle from the expected future dominant to a future subordinate occurred in most waves (10 of 17) when the largest follicle and regressing CL were in the same ovary and adjacent but not when separated in the same ovary or when in opposite ovaries (0 of 11). The newly selected future ovulatory follicle may develop in the opposite ovary. Thereby, frequency of the contralateral vs ipsilateral relationship between the preovulatory follicle and CL in heifers is greater in three-wave IOI than in two-wave IOI. In summary, the second largest predeviation follicle becomes the postdeviation dominant follicle when the decreasing FSH is out of phase with the largest predeviation follicle in heifers, mares, and women or when luteolysis and predeviation are in synchrony in heifers.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Dinoprost; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Horses; Luteolysis; Ovarian Follicle; Ovary; Ovulation
PubMed: 34058507
DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.05.002 -
Medical Ultrasonography May 2022To investigate the positional relationship between the ovary and Fallopian tube and the relationship between the ovarian position and tubal morphology.
AIMS
To investigate the positional relationship between the ovary and Fallopian tube and the relationship between the ovarian position and tubal morphology.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A total of 195 patients with 338 fallopian tubes were enrolled in this retrospective study. The ovarian and tubal positions were defined relative to the uterus in all directions. Tubal morphology was classified as smooth or tortuous.
RESULTS
The distribution of the Fallopian tubes corresponded to the positions of the ipsilateral ovaries in the superoinferior direction (χ2 =197.653, p<0.001), mediolateral direction (χ2 =237.447, p <0.001) and anteroposterior direction (χ2 =109.746, p<0.001). Tubal morphology differed according to ovarian position in the superoinferior (χ2 =21.804, p<0.001), mediolateral directions (χ2 =4.679, p=0.031) but not in the anteroposterior direction (χ2 =0.793, p=0.373).
CONCLUSIONS
Evaluating the ovarian position can provide preliminary information on the distribution and shapeof the Fallopian tube, helping the operator choose the appropriate initial plane and the necessary approaches for inspection.
Topics: Contrast Media; Fallopian Tube Patency Tests; Female; Humans; Hysterosalpingography; Ovary; Retrospective Studies; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 34508616
DOI: 10.11152/mu-3209 -
Journal of Ovarian Research Jan 2023In the rat, studies have shown that ovary innervation arrives via the superior ovarian nerve (SON) and the ovarian plexus nerve, which originates from the celiac plexus...
BACKGROUND
In the rat, studies have shown that ovary innervation arrives via the superior ovarian nerve (SON) and the ovarian plexus nerve, which originates from the celiac plexus (CP). In the present study, we performed a neuroanatomical technique to investigate the anatomy of the SON between the ovary and the CP.
RESULTS
We found that the SON fibers were concentrated on the lateral border of the suprarenal ganglion and projected towards, then inserted into the suspensory ligament. Then, it ran parallel to the long axis of the ligament to reach and innervate the ovaries. At this level, the SON was composed of two coiled nerve fibers, each between 10 and 15 µm in diameter. The SON was linked to three different ganglia: the suprarenal ganglia, the celiac ganglia, and the superior mesenteric ganglion.
CONCLUSIONS
The postganglionic fibers that project to the ovary via the SON emerge from the suprarenal ganglia. The trajectories on the right and left sides to each ovary are similar. The somas of ipsilateral and contralateral SON neurons are located in the prevertebral ganglia, mostly in the celiac ganglia.
Topics: Female; Rats; Animals; Ovary; Neurons; Ganglia, Sympathetic; Abdomen
PubMed: 36707870
DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01109-1 -
American Journal of Obstetrics and... Mar 2023The ovaries are the female gonads that are crucial for reproduction, steroid production, and overall health. Historically, the ovary was broadly divided into regions...
The ovaries are the female gonads that are crucial for reproduction, steroid production, and overall health. Historically, the ovary was broadly divided into regions defined as the cortex, medulla, and hilum. This current nomenclature lacks specificity and fails to consider the significant anatomic variations in the ovary. Recent technological advances in imaging modalities and high-resolution omic analyses have brought about the need for revision of the existing definitions, which will facilitate the integration of generated data and enable the characterization of organ subanatomy and function at the cellular level. The creation of these high-resolution multimodal maps of the ovary will enhance collaboration and communication among disciplines and between clinicians and researchers. Beginning in March 2021, the Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development invited subject-matter experts to participate in a series of workshops and meetings to standardize ovarian nomenclature and define the organ's features. The goal was to develop a spatially defined and semantically consistent terminology of the ovary to support collaborative, team science-based endeavors aimed at generating reference atlases of the human ovary. The group recommended a standardized, 3-dimensional description of the ovary and an ontological approach to the subanatomy of the ovary and definition of follicles. This new greater precision in nomenclature and mapping will better reflect the ovary's heterogeneous composition and function, support the standardization of tissue collection, facilitate functional analyses, and enable clinical and research collaborations. The conceptualization process and outcomes of the effort, which spanned the better part of 2021 and early 2022, are introduced in this article. The institute and the workshop participants encourage researchers and clinicians to adopt the new systems in their everyday work to advance the overarching goal of improving human reproductive health.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Female; Child; Ovary; Gynecology; Pelvis
PubMed: 36191605
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.09.040 -
Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2022In gonad protection, it is difficult to identify the position from the body surface during shielding because the position and size of the ovary vary from individual to...
PURPOSE
In gonad protection, it is difficult to identify the position from the body surface during shielding because the position and size of the ovary vary from individual to individual, and it is not possible to evaluate whether the protective equipment is correctly placed at the position of the ovary. Therefore, the position of the ovary with respect to the pelvis was clarified, and the effectiveness of gonad protection in the front and side of the hip joint was evaluated.
METHODS
From the image of the pelvis taken with an MRI device, the inner and outer edges of the ovary, the upper and lower edges and the long and short axes of the pelvis, and the depth of the ovary were measured, and the position of the ovary was calculated based on the ratio of the ovary to the pelvis. A pelvic schema was created, and the position of the ovary was synthesized on the schema. In addition, the shielding rate was calculated when lead-containing rubber for the protection of the gonads was used.
RESULTS
In front of the pelvis, the ovaries were present throughout the pelvic cavity. On the anterior surface, placing the shield on the caudal side up to the line connecting the centers of the left and right femoral heads had a shielding effect of about 88%. On the lateral side, shielding the pubic upper limbs from the ischial body could reduce the exposure of the unhealthy ovaries by 99%. However, when the gonad protection was placed at the height of the line connecting the anterior superior iliac spines, the shielding rate from the left and right ovarian distribution was about 13%, so the disadvantage of using the protective equipment was greater.
CONCLUSION
For gonad protection, the presence or absence of use should be judged by using the shielding rate according to the shape of the protective equipment as an index.
Topics: Female; Gonads; Humans; Ovary; Radiation Dosage; Radiation Protection; Radiography
PubMed: 35046222
DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.780102 -
Journal of Morphology Jan 2020Phreodrilidae is a small family uniting about 50 species of minute freshwater clitellate annelids inhabiting mainly the Southern hemisphere. Other than the male and...
Phreodrilidae is a small family uniting about 50 species of minute freshwater clitellate annelids inhabiting mainly the Southern hemisphere. Other than the male and spermathecal genitalia, their internal organization is poorly known. Here, we present results of our study of the ovaries and oogenesis in Insulodrilus bifidus, a phreodrilid from Western Australia using light and electron microscopy. The ovaries are paired and located in segment XII. They are inconspicuous and composed of several (10-12) spherical germ-line cysts loosely interconnected by flattened somatic cells. The cysts usually comprise 32 germ cells and each cell is connected via a cytoplasmic bridge (ring canal) to the central cytoplasmic mass (the cytophore). In ovaries, germ cells in a given cyst develop in full synchrony. However, there is no synchrony among cysts, so there is a developmental gradient of cysts (from oogonial to early meiotic) along the longitudinal ovary axis. Within the cysts that are located in the distal end of the ovary the synchrony is finally lost and interconnected cells diversify into two morphologically distinct categories: an oocyte and 31 nurse cells. Such cysts detach from the ovaries and further development occurs within the body cavity. The oocyte gathers nutrients, mainly in form of yolk spheres, whereas nurse cells grow slightly and do not gather yolk. Organelles such as ribosomes, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum pass freely through the ring canals and are present within the cytophore, which suggests cytoplasmic transfer towards the oocyte. The formation of female germ-line cysts equipped with cytophore and cells differentiated into oocyte and nurse cells matches the general pattern of oogenesis found in clitellates. In details, the ovary organization and oogenesis found in I. bifidus resembles the situation described in some representatives of Naidinae and Enchytraeidae.
Topics: Animals; Annelida; Female; Germ Cells; Oocytes; Oogenesis; Ovary; Vitellogenesis
PubMed: 31785033
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21081 -
Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia May 2020This study aimed to associate ovarian characteristics with the efficiency of clinical examination and occurrence of genital diseases in dromedary camels. The...
This study aimed to associate ovarian characteristics with the efficiency of clinical examination and occurrence of genital diseases in dromedary camels. The reproductive tract of 870 female camels was examined through standard transrectal palpation and by ultrasonography during the breeding season. The ovaries were examined for structures and dimensions. The follicles were categorized according to size, the thickness of the wall and contents. Follicle aspiration was carried out from females with overgrown follicles (OVGF, n = 127), and the obtained follicular fluids were examined. At the slaughterhouse, 100 genital tracts were examined in situ and after dissection. Ovarian bursae were examined for patency and the presence of fluid (ovarian hydrobursitis, OVHB). Risks associated with the development of OVGF and OVHB were identified by the logistic regression. The results showed that, due to topographical difference, the right ovary was more accessible at rectal palpation than the left ovary (98.9% vs. 96.1%, p = .0005). Time needed for rectal palpation of the right ovary was shorter than the left ovary (25.1 ± 25 s vs. 34.6 ± 34.5 s, p = .03). Significant relationships were found between OVGF and OVHB (Odds ratio = 10.5, p = .001), OVGF and clinical endometritis (Odds ratio = 21.1, p = .001), OVGF and vaginal adhesion (Odds ratio = 4.4, p = .03), and OVHB and clinical endometritis (Odds ratio = 11.3, p = .001). Ultrasonographic examination was imperative for the differentiation between active corpus luteum, old non-active corpus luteum and small luteinized follicle. In conclusion, anatomical arrangement of the ovary and ovarian bursa in dromedary camels affects the likelihood of their accessibility during clinical examination and predisposes to unusual genital disorders.
Topics: Animals; Breeding; Camelus; Digital Rectal Examination; Endometritis; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Ovarian Follicle; Ovary; Reproduction; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 32030811
DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12530