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Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) Jul 2023
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant; Breast Feeding; Fear; Pacifiers; Bottle Feeding
PubMed: 37277973
DOI: 10.1111/apa.16780 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Oct 2021The objective of this study is to demonstrate that computational finite element models can be used to reliably simulate dynamic interaction between a pacifier, the...
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study is to demonstrate that computational finite element models can be used to reliably simulate dynamic interaction between a pacifier, the palate, and the tongue during nonnutritive sucking (NNS). The interactions can be quantified by the results of finite element analyses which include deformation, strain, stress, contact force, and contact area.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A finite element model was created based upon CAD solid models of an infant pacifier and palate. The silicone pacifier bulb is represented by a hyperelastic constitutive law. Contact surfaces are defined between the pacifier and palate. A time and spatially varying pressure load is applied to the bulb representing peristaltic interaction with the tongue. A second time-varying, periodic pressure representing NNS is applied to the model simultaneously. A large displacement, nonlinear transient dynamic analysis is run over two NNS cycles.
RESULTS
Results from the finite element analysis show the deformed shape of the bulb with maximum principal elastic strain of 0.23 and a range of maximum principal stress on the palate from 0.60 MPa (tensile) to -0.27 MPa (compressive) over the NNS cycles. The areas of contact between the pacifier and the palate are shown in surface contour plots.
CONCLUSIONS
A nonlinear transient dynamic finite element model can simulate the mechanical behavior of a pacifier and its interaction with the tongue and contact with the palate subject to NNS. Quantitative results predicting deformation, strain, stress, contact force, and contact area can be used in comparative studies to provide insight on how pacifiers cause changes in dental, orthognathic, and facial development.
Topics: Computer Simulation; Finite Element Analysis; Humans; Infant; Pacifiers; Palate; Tongue
PubMed: 33822481
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.428 -
Children (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Breastfeeding is very important for the proper nutrition and growth of the child, as well as, the health of the mother. To start breastfeeding, the neonate must have... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Breastfeeding is very important for the proper nutrition and growth of the child, as well as, the health of the mother. To start breastfeeding, the neonate must have extensive oral capacities for sucking functions but, premature neonates may not have the muscle strength needed to suck successfully. However, the non-nutritive sucking achieved by using a pacifier, has been identified by previous research as a factor associated with shorter duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding. This study aims to perform a systematic review to investigate the relationship between pacifier use in preterm neonates and breastfeeding in infancy.
METHODS
We included prospective studies, as well as randomized controlled studies that evaluated the association between pacifier use by preterm neonates and of breastfeeding in infancy. Ten research articles from PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar and Crossref were included in the review from a total of 1455 articles. The results differ depending on the type of study.Most prospective studies have shown a negative correlation between pacifier use and breastfeeding, while the randomized controlled studies found a positive correlation.
CONCLUSIONS
Pacifier use in preterm infants helps transition from tube to oral feeding, breastfeeding, faster weight gain and earlier discharge from the NICU. However, the relationship between pacifiers and breastfeeding is more complicated, as it appears to be influenced by additional risk factors.
PubMed: 36291521
DOI: 10.3390/children9101585 -
BMC Oral Health Mar 2022Pacifiers have been shown to affect maxillary growth related to the anatomic structure of the palate and forces placed upon it during sucking. This study compares and...
BACKGROUND
Pacifiers have been shown to affect maxillary growth related to the anatomic structure of the palate and forces placed upon it during sucking. This study compares and evaluates the mechanical behavior of pacifiers of different design and size (i.e., fit), identified by brand and size, positioned in age-specific palatal models with respect to both contact area and force when subjected to peristaltic tongue function and intraoral pressure related to non-nutritive sucking.
METHODS
Nonlinear finite element analyses were used to simulate dynamic mechanical interaction between the pacifiers and palates. Time-varying, external pressure loads were applied which represent intraoral pressure arising from non-nutritive sucking and peristaltic behavior of the tongue. The silicone rubber pacifier bulb was represented using a hyperelastic material model.
RESULTS
Results from the finite element analyses include deformation, stress, strain, contact area, and contact force. Mechanical interaction was evaluated in terms of the spatial distribution of the contact area and force between the pacifier and the palate. The resulting palatal interaction profiles were quantitatively compared to assess how pacifier fit specifically affects the support provided to two areas of the palate, the palatal vault and the Tektal wall.
CONCLUSIONS
Pacifiers interact with the palate differently based on their fit (i.e., design and size) regardless of whether they are labeled conventional or orthodontic. Finite element analysis is an effective tool for evaluating how a pacifier's design affects functional mechanics and for providing guidance on biometric sizing.
Topics: Finite Element Analysis; Humans; Infant; Malocclusion; Pacifiers; Palate; Sucking Behavior; Tongue
PubMed: 35236336
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02087-4 -
Pediatric Annals May 2020Pacifier avoidance is recommended in the newborn nursery to optimize exclusive breast-feeding rates according to the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. There are many...
Pacifier avoidance is recommended in the newborn nursery to optimize exclusive breast-feeding rates according to the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. There are many reasons why parents may choose to provide a pacifier to their infant, particularly due to the association between pacifier use with sleep and risk reduction for sudden infant death syndrome. Early use of a pacifier does not likely cause direct harm to infants or lead to difficulty breast-feeding. Pediatricians should partner with families to share a clear message in support of establishing exclusive breast-feeding, ideally before introduction of a pacifier. [Pediatr Ann. 2020;49(5):e204-206.].
Topics: Breast Feeding; Health Promotion; Humans; Infant; Infant Care; Infant, Newborn; Pacifiers; Pediatrics; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Professional-Family Relations; Risk Reduction Behavior; Sleep; Sudden Infant Death
PubMed: 32413146
DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20200419-01 -
ENeuro 2021Gustometers have made it possible to deliver liquids in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) settings for decades, and mouthpieces are a critical part of these...
Gustometers have made it possible to deliver liquids in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) settings for decades, and mouthpieces are a critical part of these taste delivery systems. Here, we propose an innovative 3D-printed fMRI mouthpiece inspired by children's pacifiers, allowing human participants to swallow while lying down in an MRI scanner. We used a large sample to validate the effectiveness of our method. The results suggest that the mouthpiece can be used to deliver taste stimuli by showing significant clusters of activation in the insular and piriform cortex, which are regions that have been consistently identified in taste processing. This mouthpiece fulfills several criteria guaranteeing a gustatory stimulus of quality, making the delivery precise and reliable. Moreover, this new pacifier-shaped design is simple and cheap to manufacture, hygienic, comfortable to keep in the mouth, and flexible to use in diverse cases. We hope that this new method will promote and facilitate the study of taste and flavor perception in the context of reward processing in affective neuroscience, and thus, help provide an integrative approach to the study of the emotional nature of rewards.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Child; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mouth; Pacifiers; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Taste; Taste Perception
PubMed: 34551958
DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0208-21.2021 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... May 2021Environmental microbial exposure plays a role in immune system development and susceptibility to food allergy.
BACKGROUND
Environmental microbial exposure plays a role in immune system development and susceptibility to food allergy.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to investigate whether infant pacifier use during the first postnatal year, with further consideration of sanitization, alters the risk of food allergy by age 1 year.
METHODS
The birth cohort recruited pregnant mothers at under 28 weeks' gestation in southeast Australia, with 894 families followed up when infants turned 1 year. Infants were excluded if born under 32 weeks, with a serious illness, major congenital malformation, or genetic disease. Questionnaire data, collected at recruitment and infant ages 1, 6, and 12 months, included pacifier use and pacifier sanitization (defined as the joint exposure of a pacifier and cleaning methods). Challenge-proven food allergy was assessed at 12 months.
RESULTS
Any pacifier use at 6 months was associated with food allergy (adjusted odds ratio, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.04-3.61), but not pacifier use at other ages. This overall association was driven by the joint exposure of pacifier-antiseptic use (adjusted odds ratio, 4.83; 95% CI, 1.10-21.18) compared with no pacifier use. Using pacifiers without antiseptic at 6 months was not associated with food allergy. Among pacifier users, antiseptic cleaning was still associated with food allergy (adjusted odds ratio, 3.56; 95% CI, 1.18-10.77) compared with no antiseptic use. Furthermore, persistent and repeated antiseptic use over the first 6 months was associated with higher food allergy risk (P = .029).
CONCLUSIONS
This is the first report of a pacifier-antiseptic combination being associated with a higher risk of subsequent food allergy. Future work should investigate underlying biological pathways.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cohort Studies; Disinfection; Female; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Pacifiers; Risk
PubMed: 33810856
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.01.032 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Apr 2022Mothers practice co-sleeping and breastfeeding simultaneously, for convenience and to strengthen bonding. Due to the scarcity of studies analyzing the impact of...
Mothers practice co-sleeping and breastfeeding simultaneously, for convenience and to strengthen bonding. Due to the scarcity of studies analyzing the impact of co-sleeping on primary dentition, this study aimed to analyze the possible effects of co-sleeping on children’s occlusion. In this cross-sectional study, mothers of 221 children aged 2−5 years who had been breastfed for less than 6 months completed a questionnaire about non-nutritive sucking habits. The WHO (World Health Organization) and IOTN-AC indices (the Aesthetic Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need) were used to assess malocclusion. The type of sagittal (dental and skeletal), transverse and vertical malocclusion was recorded. The non-co-sleeping group showed significantly higher pacifier use (p < 0.05), digital sucking (p < 0.05) and atypical swallowing (p < 0.05) habits. The non-co-sleeping group showed significantly higher mean scores on the IOTN-AC (p < 0.05) and WHO (p < 0.01), a significantly higher presence of canine class II (p < 0.05), anterior open bite (p < 0.05), posterior crossbite (p < 0.05), overbite (p < 0.05), skeletal class II (p < 0.01) and protrusion (p < 0.05). In conclusion, children who practice co-sleeping appear to have a lower frequency and duration of non-nutritive sucking habits. Co-sleeping may contribute to a lower development of malocclusions in children who are weaned early (before six months of age).
PubMed: 35566464
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092338 -
Journal of Perinatology : Official... May 2024This study aimed to assess the efficacy of pacifier use, with and without 25% dextrose, in reducing pain during orogastric tube insertion in newborns. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to assess the efficacy of pacifier use, with and without 25% dextrose, in reducing pain during orogastric tube insertion in newborns.
STUDY DESIGN
In a randomized controlled trial involving 60 newborns at a public hospital from April to December 2019, participants were divided into three groups: pacifier (n = 20), pacifier with 25% dextrose (n = 20), and control (n = 20). A pacifier, with and without dextrose, was used for the experimental groups, while the control group performed a routine procedure. Neonatal infant pain scale, crying duration, heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were evaluated.
RESULTS
Results indicated that the control group experienced significantly higher pain levels, elevated HRs, decreased SpO2, and prolonged crying. Conversely, the pacifier with 25% dextrose group showed a notable reduction in crying duration.
CONCLUSION
A pacifier, with and without 25% dextrose, effectively reduces pain and improves physiological and behavioral parameters during orogastric tube insertion.
CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER
NCT05462964 CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The protocol for this randomized controlled experimental trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. The clinical trial registration number is https://clinicaltrials.gov ; NCT05462964.
Topics: Humans; Glucose; Infant, Newborn; Female; Pacifiers; Male; Pain Measurement; Intubation, Gastrointestinal; Heart Rate; Crying; Pain Management; Oxygen Saturation; Pain
PubMed: 38553602
DOI: 10.1038/s41372-024-01948-w -
Medical Hypotheses Oct 2020Epidemiology has identified an association between the use of pacifiers and protection from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The use of pacifiers for SIDS prevention... (Review)
Review
Epidemiology has identified an association between the use of pacifiers and protection from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The use of pacifiers for SIDS prevention fails to gain adoption partly because there is no widely accepted physiologic mechanism to explain the epidemiologic association. Additionally, the scientific literature available on pacifier use focuses largely on the probable adverse effects. We hypothesize that pacifier use and all other forms of non-nutritional sucking (specifically digit sucking, also known as thumb sucking) is a life saving defense mechanism meant to splint open and stabilize the collapsible portion of the upper airway in infants.The main objective of this review article is to propose a mechanism to explain how pacifiers might help prevent SIDS. If the medical community accepts this mechanism, it can help promote pacifier use by the public and potentially reduce the incidence of SIDS.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Pacifiers; Sudden Infant Death
PubMed: 32480251
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109868