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Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Jan 2022This study aimed to evaluate whether there is a difference in human papillomavirus (HPV), smear, and cervical biopsy results between patients with and without diabetes...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
This study aimed to evaluate whether there is a difference in human papillomavirus (HPV), smear, and cervical biopsy results between patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM).
METHODS
Retrospectively, 136 patients with positive high risk (HR) HPV screening results with and without DM who underwent colposcopy between 2015 and 2019 were identified. The clinicopathological characteristics and HR HPV screening results were reported and analyzed. The results of the patients with and without DM were compared.
RESULTS
HPV 16 positivity, Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS), and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia 1 (CIN 1) in smear and biopsy results were higher in patients with DM than patients without DM.
CONCLUSIONS
The higher HPV positivity in patients with diabetes may require reforming the frequency and method of cervical cancer screening to be applied to this patient group.
Topics: Alphapapillomavirus; Colposcopy; DNA, Viral; Diabetes Mellitus; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 34920202
DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102335 -
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &... Mar 2021Cervical cancer screening has undergone a transformation in recent decades. Historically, programs were based on cervical cytology (i.e., "Pap smear"), which had to be...
Cervical cancer screening has undergone a transformation in recent decades. Historically, programs were based on cervical cytology (i.e., "Pap smear"), which had to be repeated often because of its limited sensitivity and reproducibility. In more recent years, the discovery of human papillomavirus (HPV) as the necessary cause of virtually all cervical cancers has led to the introduction of HPV testing into clinical practice, first as a triage test for minor cytologic abnormalities, then in conjunction with cervical cytology (cotesting), and most recently, as a standalone screening test. Multiple randomized trials have shown that HPV-based screening has higher sensitivity compared with cytology, providing great reassurance against cervical precancer and cancer for women testing HPV-negative for many years. Analyses have also been conducted in support of the recent U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guidelines that show that primary HPV screening achieves the greatest balance of benefits and harms compared with other strategies. An added benefit of primary HPV testing is the ability to conduct it from self-collected samples, which is critical for extending coverage among hard-to-reach individuals and could provide a safe and effective alternative to in-person screening visits during the COVID-19 pandemic..
Topics: Alphapapillomavirus; COVID-19; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Mass Screening; Pandemics; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Reproducibility of Results; SARS-CoV-2; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 33857013
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-1628 -
Journal of Community Health Dec 2021While human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccinations and Pap smear screenings are known to improve the survival rates and incidence of cervical cancer, refugee populations...
While human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccinations and Pap smear screenings are known to improve the survival rates and incidence of cervical cancer, refugee populations have traditionally been disadvantaged within this arena. Due to past and recent political issues in Myanmar, Burmese refugee women in Nebraska may be at particular risk due to their increasing numbers. This study examined 65 female Burmese refugees who were candidates for HPV vaccinations and 106 female Burmese refugees who could have received Pap smear screenings between 2010 and 2020. Of the 65 patients aged 11-26, 49.2% initiated the HPV vaccine series and 30.8% completed the series. In patients aged 13-17, 86.4% initiated the vaccine series and 54.6% completed the series. Of the 106 patients over 18 years of age, 32.1% had a Pap smear within the last 3 years. The need to improve HPV vaccine and Pap smear rates in refugee populations is clear. While focusing on the designated refugee exam may have improved HPV vaccine rates, it is important to examine gaps in knowledge with regards to attitudes surrounding HPV vaccines and Pap smears within the Burmese refugee population.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alphapapillomavirus; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Nebraska; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Refugees; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaccination; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 34021437
DOI: 10.1007/s10900-021-01003-1 -
Journal of the American Association of... May 2023According to the World Health Organization, every minute, one woman is diagnosed with cervical cancer, and every 2 minutes, one woman dies of cervical cancer globally...
BACKGROUND
According to the World Health Organization, every minute, one woman is diagnosed with cervical cancer, and every 2 minutes, one woman dies of cervical cancer globally (World Health Organization, 2022). The biggest tragedy is 99% of cervical cancer is caused by a preventable sexually transmitted infection known as human papilloma virus (World Health Organization, 2022).
LOCAL PROBLEM
Many US universities indicate approximately 30% of their admissions are international students. The lack of Pap smear screening in this population has not been clearly identified by college health care providers.
METHODS
Fifty-one participants from a university located in the northeastern United States completed an online survey between September and October 2018. The survey was designed to identify disparities between United States residents and internationally admitted female students in their knowledge, attitudes, and practice of the Pap smear test.
INTERVENTIONS
One hundred percent of US students had heard of the Pap smear test as compared with 72.7% of international students ( p = .008); 86.8% of US students considered a Pap smear as opposed to 45.5% of international students ( p = .002), and 65.8% of US students previously had a Pap smear test as opposed to 18.8% of international students ( p = .007).
RESULTS
Results revealed statistically significant differences between US and internationally admitted female college students in knowledge, attitudes, and practice of the Pap smear test.
CONCLUSIONS
This project helps to bring awareness to college health clinicians the need for cervical cancer education and Pap smear screening for our college age international female population.
Topics: Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Vaginal Smears; Universities; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Early Detection of Cancer; Students; Surveys and Questionnaires; New England; Mass Screening
PubMed: 36862575
DOI: 10.1097/JXX.0000000000000846 -
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health Aug 2021African immigrant (AI) women remain burdened by cervical cancer, but the prevalence and correlates of Pap testing remains unclear in this population. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
African immigrant (AI) women remain burdened by cervical cancer, but the prevalence and correlates of Pap testing remains unclear in this population.
OBJECTIVE
To review studies on the prevalence and determinants of Pap testing among AI women living in developed countries.
METHODS
PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Scopus were searched for relevant articles that included African-born immigrant participants; were published in English; addressed the prevalence of Pap testing; conducted in a developed country; and identified correlates of Pap testing behavior. The Andersen Behavioral Model guided synthesis of the key findings.
RESULTS
Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of Pap testing ranged from 4.6% to 73.0%. Having a female provider and access to primary care facilitated Pap testing. Barriers to Pap testing included low income, male healthcare providers, and no history of gynecological exam.
CONCLUSIONS
Healthcare providers and social determinants-particularly income and healthcare access, play an important role in improving Pap testing among AI women. Larger qualitative and mixed methods studies are needed to explore other important determinants of Pap testing such as disease knowledge, self-efficacy, health literacy to reduce the burden of cervical cancer among AI women.
Topics: Developed Countries; Early Detection of Cancer; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 33165711
DOI: 10.1007/s10903-020-01119-x -
Ciencia & Saude Coletiva Sep 2019This paper reviews the limiting factors and facilitators of access to Brazilian cervical cancer care public health services. This review employed bibliographic database... (Review)
Review
This paper reviews the limiting factors and facilitators of access to Brazilian cervical cancer care public health services. This review employed bibliographic database Medline (interface with the Virtual Health Library/BVS and PubMed) and Lilacs / SciELO portals. We sought publications for the period 2011-2016 based on the use of specific terms from the sources consulted, regarding "cervical neoplasms" and "access to health services". We found 704 papers initially, which were shortlisted to 31 following adopted criteria, which were further reduced to 19 papers to make up the final selection. Access facilitating aspects such as wide coverage of the Pap smear test and coverage of biopsies equivalent to the number of altered prevention tests were mentioned. However, access limiting aspects such as inadequate Pap smear's periodicity, difficulties in scheduling appointments and exams, high rate of advanced staging and delays in diagnosis and treatment onset were also reported.
Topics: Biopsy; Brazil; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 31508761
DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018249.32592017 -
BMC Women's Health Jun 2020Though obesity is associated with some malignancies, its association with cervical cancer is still inconclusive. This study was aimed at determining if there was an... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Though obesity is associated with some malignancies, its association with cervical cancer is still inconclusive. This study was aimed at determining if there was an association between obesity and cervical epithelial cell abnormalities (CEA).
METHODS
This was a cross-sectional comparative study of obese and non-obese women at the Cervical Cancer Screening Clinic, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu between January, 2012 and June, 2013. The participants whose body mass index (BMI) were ≥ 30 kg/m were classified as obese (200 women) while those whose BMI were < 30 kg/m were classified as non-obese (200 women) and the two groups were consecutively recruited at the ratio of 1:1. Pap smear cytology, random blood sugar (RBS) and human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) screening was done for all the participants. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 20. Categorical variables were analyzed using McNemar's test and Chi-squared test. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on cervical epithelial cell abnormalities. The level of significance was set at ≤0.05.
RESULTS
Among the obese women, 152(76%) had negative for intra-epithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) while 48(24%) had cervical epithelial cell abnormalities (CEA). Also 182(91%) non-obese women had NILM while the remaining 18(9%) had CEA. The prevalence of CEA among all the study participants was 16.5%. There was an association between obesity and CEA[OR (95%CI) = 1.353(1.013-1.812); P-value = 0.04].CEA were significantly more common among women who were 40 years and above and single/separated women as well as widows (P-value = < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
There was an association between obesity and CEA. This underscores the need for a positive behavioural change among women in order to stem the tide of this public health problem.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Nigeria; Obesity; Papanicolaou Test; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 32517800
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-020-00984-w -
National Health Statistics Reports Jun 2021Background-Regular screening tests can lead to early detection of breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers, when treatment is likely to be more effective. This study...
Background-Regular screening tests can lead to early detection of breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers, when treatment is likely to be more effective. This study examines and compares sociodemographic, health status, and health behavior patterns of screening for breast cancer, cervical cancer, and colorectal cancer among women aged 45 and over in the United States. Methods-This study is based on data from the 2015 and 2018 National Health Interview Surveys. Women were considered to have received colorectal cancer screening if they reported having one of the following: a) report of a home fecal occult blood test (FOBT) in the past year, b) sigmoidoscopy procedure in the past 5 years with FOBT in the past 3 years, or c) colonoscopy in the past 10 years. Women were considered to have received breast cancer screening if they had a mammogram within the past 2 years. Women were considered to have received cervical cancer screening if they reported having a Pap smear in the past 3 years. Cancer screening was analyzed by sociodemographic, health status, health behavior, and health care use characteristics. Results-Among women aged 45 and over, higher percentages of screening were associated with higher socioeconomic status, being married or living with a partner, and healthy behaviors such as not smoking, participating in physical activity, and receiving a flu shot. Conclusion-Differences in screening identified in this study are generally consistent with previous studies on screening for colorectal, breast, and cervical cancers for women at average risk and within the age groups recommended for screening. The results of this study support other findings showing the persistence of disparities in cancer screening among women aged 45 and over according to most of the selected characteristics regardless of recommended age of screening.
Topics: Colorectal Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Mammography; Papanicolaou Test; United States; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 34181518
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Public Health 2021Video-based interventions have the potential to contribute to long-lasting improvements in health-seeking behaviours. Ghana's upsurge rate of information and...
Video-based interventions have the potential to contribute to long-lasting improvements in health-seeking behaviours. Ghana's upsurge rate of information and communication technology usage presents an opportunity to improve the awareness of HPV vaccination and screening rates of cervical cancer among women in Ghana. This research aimed to assess the impact of video-based educational intervention centred on the Health Belief and Transtheoretical Models of behavioural changes in promoting HPV vaccination, cervical carcinoma awareness and willingness to have Pap smear test (PST) among women in Ghana. To achieve the intended sample size, convenient, purposive and stratified random sampling techniques were used. SPSS v. 23.0 was used in the data analysis. Percentages and frequencies were used to represent participants' demographic characteristics, knowledge of (1) cervical carcinoma, (2) human papillomavirus vaccine, and (3) Pap smear test. The chi-square test by McNemar was employed to evaluate variations in the post- and pre-intervention responses. A -value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The level of significance was adjusted owing to multiple comparisons by using the Bonferroni's correction. Before the intervention, 84.2% of the participant had some knowledge or information about cervical cancer, but after the intervention, 100% of the participant became aware of cervical cancer which represents 15.8% increment at a < .001. The willingness to have a pap smear test increased from 35.8% to 94.2% (df = 58.4%, < .001) after the educational intervention. The willingness to be vaccinated increased from 47.5% to 81.7% (df = 34.2%, < .001) after the educational intervention. Six months after the intervention, participants were followed-up. 253 (42.2%) participants had gone for cervical cancer screening (Pap smear test) while 347 (57.8%) participants had not been screened. In terms of HPV vaccination, 192 participants (32.0%) had begun their HPV vaccination cycle. The study results show that health education, using videos, may be influential in perception changing, self-efficacy improvement and the understanding of cervical carcinoma screening and HPV vaccination.
Topics: Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Ghana; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 34307280
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.681319 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... Oct 2021Liquid-based preparation (LBP) cytology is commonly used in most laboratories these days due to its convenience and reliable results for the cervical cancer screening...
UNLABELLED
Liquid-based preparation (LBP) cytology is commonly used in most laboratories these days due to its convenience and reliable results for the cervical cancer screening program. The PathTezt™ Liquid-based Pap smear is a second-generation LBP, which uses a filter-based concentration technique in processing the sample.
OBJECTIVE
This study was done to evaluate the cellular fixation, morphology, quality of smear in gynae cytology, and diagnostic interpretation of cervical cytological smears produced by the PathTezt liquid-based processor.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 400 pap smear samples were taken and processed using the PathTezt 2000 processor. The slides were evaluated in terms of sample adequacy, percentage of the circle covered by epithelial cells, cellular distribution, obscuring factors, and cell fixation.
RESULTS
About 95.25% (381) of the samples were satisfactory for the evaluation. In 19 (4.75%) of the samples, epithelial cells covered less than 50% of the circle. A sample with good cellular distribution was seen in 92% of the cases, while 354 (88.5%) samples showed minimal inflammatory background. Almost all the smears (95.75%) had no erythrocytes in the background. All smears showed good quality fixation features toward nuclear, cytoplasm, and microorganisms. The total performance rate was 99%.
CONCLUSION
Although the PathTezt liquid-based processor is still new compared to other first-generation LBP, the smears produced by this method were of high quality and it was cost-effective.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Cervix Uteri; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Epithelial Cells; Female; Humans; Malaysia; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears; Young Adult
PubMed: 34711003
DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.10.3261