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Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 2023to identify, map and describe characteristics of educational interventions for cervical cancer prevention in adult women. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
to identify, map and describe characteristics of educational interventions for cervical cancer prevention in adult women.
METHODS
a scoping review conducted on eleven databases and the gray literature, including studies that described educational interventions aimed at preventing cervical cancer in adult women.
RESULTS
thirty-three articles with 151,457 participants were analyzed. The most used educational strategies were participatory discussions and educational leaflets. Most of the interventions took place in a single session, ranging from 40 to 60 minutes. The most used theoretical model in interventions to improve women's compliance with Pap smear was the Health Belief Model.
CONCLUSIONS
group discussions, lectures and educational brochures can increase knowledge and reduce barriers to cervical cancer prevention. Theory-based and culturally sensitive interventions can have a positive impact on women's health.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Papanicolaou Test; Patient Acceptance of Health Care
PubMed: 38018622
DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2023-0018 -
Gynecologic Oncology Feb 2021
Topics: Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 33500117
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.01.004 -
BMC Public Health Apr 2024Réunion Island is a French overseas territory located in the southern Indian Ocean, with a challenging socioeconomic and multicultural context. Compared to mainland...
BACKGROUND
Réunion Island is a French overseas territory located in the southern Indian Ocean, with a challenging socioeconomic and multicultural context. Compared to mainland France, Réunion has an overincidence and overmortality of cervical cancer. In order to investigate these two issues, it is important to evaluate the barriers and potential levers to Pap smear screening among female inhabitants of the island. We aimed to identify the specific socio-demographic factors, cultural factors, and living conditions associated with Pap smear screening in Réunion, with a view to increasing uptake.
METHODS
We conducted a Knowledge Attitude Behavior and Practices (KABP) survey on cervical cancer screening practices among women aged between 25 and 65 years old living in Réunion Island, selected using random digit dialing sampling. Data were collected using Computer Assistant Telephone Interviews. Weighted chi-squared tests and Student's t-tests were used to compare women who had up-to-date Pap smear screening with women who did not. Weighted logistic models were used to identify the factors associated with not having up-to-date screening.
RESULTS
A total of 1000 women were included in the study. Of these, 88.1% had a Pap smear test during the previous three years. Factors independently associated with not being up to date were as follows: aged over 55 (AOR 2.3 [1.2-4.3]), no children (AOR 2.5 [1.4-4.3]), having free universal health coverage (AOR 1.7 [1.1-2.7]), an income per unit consumption lower than 1500€ per month (AOR 2.0 [1.1-3.7]), low health literacy (AOR 2.7 [1.7-4.1]), not consulting a general practitioner in the prior 12 months (AOR 3.6 [2.0-6.5]), and a BMI > 30 (AOR 2.6 [1.5-4.4]).
CONCLUSIONS
This is the first large-scale survey focusing on recommended Pap smear screening uptake in Réunion Island. Although self-reported screening incidence was higher than in mainland France, national screening policies must take into account the island's diverse social and cultural characteristics (e.g., an ageing population, low health literacy), while implementing actions to fight against poverty and increase general access to healthcare.
Topics: Humans; Female; Papanicolaou Test; Middle Aged; Adult; Reunion; Aged; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Socioeconomic Factors; Early Detection of Cancer; France; Vaginal Smears; Cultural Characteristics
PubMed: 38654197
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18633-4 -
European Journal of Oncology Nursing :... Oct 2019To examine associations of health belief and health literacy with Pap smear practice among Asian immigrant women in South Korea.
PURPOSE
To examine associations of health belief and health literacy with Pap smear practice among Asian immigrant women in South Korea.
METHODS
This study used a descriptive, cross-sectional study design. A survey was conducted among 196 migrant women who were married to South Korean men, using a questionnaire translated into English, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Korean. Trained research assistants read the questionnaire and the participants gave their answers.
RESULTS
The most common birthplace of the immigrant women was Vietnam (43.0%), followed by China (12.2%) and the Philippines (5.6%). Of the participants, 76.5% answered that they had never had a Pap smear test. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age and functional health literacy were associated with Pap smear practice among Asian immigrant women. With a one-year increase in participants' age, Pap smear practice increased 1.15 times (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.23). Furthermore, with a one point increase in functional health literacy, Pap smear practice increased 1.18 times (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.37).
CONCLUSIONS
Results suggest that more information about Pap smear tests should be provided to young immigrant women. Health providers should be made aware that Pap smear practice among young immigrant women might be infrequent and should actively recommend that they receive the tests. To improve Pap smear practice among immigrant women, it is also crucial for educational strategies to include functional health literacy. Nurses could play an important role in explaining and recommending the Pap smear test through communication with immigrant women.
Topics: Adult; Asian People; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Emigrants and Immigrants; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Literacy; Humans; Marriage; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Philippines; Republic of Korea; Surveys and Questionnaires; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears; Vietnam; Young Adult
PubMed: 31446265
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2019.08.003 -
The European Journal of Contraception &... Jun 2022Although the stressful psychological impact on women of an abnormal Pap smear is well documented, little research has been undertaken on its sexual impact. Our objective...
OBJECTIVE
Although the stressful psychological impact on women of an abnormal Pap smear is well documented, little research has been undertaken on its sexual impact. Our objective was to assess the impact of an abnormal Pap smear on the sexual function of affected women.
METHODS
A prospective study compared the sexual function of 48 women with an abnormal Pap smear (case group) with that of 48 women with a normal Pap smear (control group). Sexual function was assessed using the Female Sexual Function Index and the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. The questionnaires were mailed to the participants.
RESULTS
Surprisingly, the risk of sexual dysfunction was comparable between women with and without an abnormal Pap smear (odds ratio [OR] 0.7; = 0.4). The OR remained statistically non-significant after adjustment for risk factors. Multivariable analysis showed that only older age at first intercourse, depression and anxiety were identified as factors significantly associated with sexual dysfunction.
CONCLUSION
Contrary to our clinical experience, female sexual function is not impaired by an abnormal Pap smear. Further research is needed to better understand how sexuality in women with abnormal Pap smears may be affected.
Topics: Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Prospective Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 35102804
DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2021.2012759 -
Turk Patoloji Dergisi 2022To investigate the histopathological follow-up results in women diagnosed with endometrial cells in the Papanicolaou (Pap) test.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the histopathological follow-up results in women diagnosed with endometrial cells in the Papanicolaou (Pap) test.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Between January 2013 to December 2018, women with endometrial cells on the Pap test were searched from the hospital electronic database. The patients with endometrial cells on the Pap test who underwent further histopathological evaluation and who were followed-up for at least 1 year were enrolled in the study, while those who had a Pap test result other than endometrial cells, were lost during follow-up, or had missing data were excluded.
RESULTS
Out of 91,142 Pap smears, 121 (0.1%) cytologically had endometrial cells, and of those 65 cases were eligible for final analysis. The mean age of patients with premalignant/malignant lesions (57.7 ± 2.9) was higher than those with benign lesions (50.1 ± 0.7), with 77% of them in the postmenopausal period. Gynecologic premalignant/malignant lesions were detected in 9 (17.7%) patients including 2 (3.1%) endometrial hyperplasias and 7 (10.8%) endometrial cancers. The menopausal status (p=0.010) and being 50 years and older (p=0.002) were significantly associated with pre-neoplastic or neoplastic changes in patients with endometrial cells.
CONCLUSION
The presence of endometrial cells in Pap tests may be a harbinger of endometrial pathologies, especially at the age of 50 years and over. The menopausal status is another possible determinant in detecting endometrial carcinoma. Further investigation may be suggested in women aged ≥50 years and postmenopausal in the event of endometrial cell detection.
Topics: Adult; Endometrial Hyperplasia; Endometrial Neoplasms; Endometrium; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Precancerous Conditions; Retrospective Studies; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 35147975
DOI: 10.5146/tjpath.2022.01570 -
Cancer Causes & Control : CCC Oct 2022Women with diabetes have lower survival rates after a cervical cancer diagnosis compared to women without diabetes. Pap smears and human papilloma virus (HPV) testing...
PURPOSE
Women with diabetes have lower survival rates after a cervical cancer diagnosis compared to women without diabetes. Pap smears and human papilloma virus (HPV) testing are highly effective screening tests for cervical cancer, therefore, it is important to know the prevalence of guideline-concordant screening among women with diabetes and understand if their predictors of screening differ. The purpose of this analysis was to assess guideline-concordant cervical cancer screening and predictors by diabetes status.
METHODS
We used the 2019 National Health Interview Survey data, limited to women aged 21-65 years without a previous diagnosis of cancer, a hysterectomy, or diagnosed with diabetes in the year prior to the survey. We considered the Pap and HPV tests together and concordance as being tested within the past 3 years as part of a routine exam. We calculated weighted, adjusted prevalence, and prevalence ratios (PRs) of screening concordance comparing women with diabetes to those without.
RESULTS
The unadjusted prevalence of concordant screening was 66.5% for women with diabetes compared to 73.3% for women without diabetes (PR = 0.91 95% CI 0.84-0.98). In the fully adjusted model adjusting for factors known to be associated with diabetes and access to healthcare, the association was attenuated and no longer statistically significant (PR = 0.96 95% CI 0.89-1.04).
CONCLUSION
Cervical cancer screening concordance was lower in women with diabetes compared to those without overall but the deficit appears to be due primarily to underlying differences in sociodemographic characteristics and access to healthcare and not diabetes independently.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Mass Screening; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomavirus Infections; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 35948701
DOI: 10.1007/s10552-022-01615-5 -
Ethnicity & Health Aug 2023Previous studies of disparities in breast and cervical cancer screenings have focused on broad racial/ethnic groups or nativity status without accounting for immigration...
OBJECTIVE
Previous studies of disparities in breast and cervical cancer screenings have focused on broad racial/ethnic groups or nativity status without accounting for immigration histories. Recent theoretical work argues for using intersectional approaches and examining within-group inequalities. Utilizing multiple years of National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data, we examined between- and within-group Papanicolaou (Pap) test and mammogram screening based on nativity and length of U.S. residence for Asian and Hispanic women, along with non-Hispanic Black and White women.
DESIGN
The study samples consist of 54,900 women ages 21-64 without a hysterectomy who responded to questions about Pap test screening and 36,300 women ages 40-64 who responded to questions about mammogram screening. Asian and Hispanic women were further stratified by nativity and, for immigrants, length of time in the United States. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify significant associations with Pap test and mammogram screenings.
RESULTS
Recent Asian and Hispanic immigrants had the lowest Pap test and mammogram rates among all other groups, while Black (and White women for mammograms) women had the highest rates. After accounting for age, marital status, health insurance, education, employment status, and income, both Asian groups had lower odds, and Black and all Hispanic groups had higher odds of Pap test screening compared with White women. Similar results were observed for mammogram screening, except that long-term immigrant/U.S.-born Asian and U.S.-born Hispanic women did not have significantly different odds compared with White women. In general, the strength and direction of most sociodemographic variables were similar across groups for Pap test screening but differed for mammogram screening.
CONCLUSIONS
The between-group differences identified emphasize the disparities in screening between racial/ethnic groups while the within-group differences suggest the need to examine whether more targeted outreach efforts and prevention messages can increase screening for specific groups.
Topics: Female; Humans; Breast Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Hispanic or Latino; Mammography; Papanicolaou Test; Racial Groups; United States; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Asian; Black or African American; White
PubMed: 36774194
DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2023.2174254 -
The Indian Journal of Tuberculosis Oct 2020The spectrum of morphological pattern in tubercular lymphandenopathies was observed to study the various cytomorphological patterns and their correlation with acid fast...
BACKGROUND
The spectrum of morphological pattern in tubercular lymphandenopathies was observed to study the various cytomorphological patterns and their correlation with acid fast bacilli.
METHODS
FNAC smears of 210 cases of granulomatous lymphadenitis stained with Giemsa, Pap and haematoxylin and eosin were used to analyze cytomorphological pattern and Zeihl Neelsen stained smears for acid fast bacilli (AFB) detection.
RESULTS
193 cases with necrotising granulomatous inflammation or positive acid fast bacilli were included. Age group 21-30 years was most common (38.3%) followed by age group 11-20 years (30.05%). Females constituted 66.3% of patients and 33.7% were male. Overall the most common pattern in present study was pattern A (Epitheloid granuloma with caseous necrosis 33.7% followed by pattern B (caseous necrosis with few scattered epitheloid histiocytes and lymphocytes) 31.1% and pattern C (caseous necrosis with suppurative inflammation) 30.6%, followed by pattern D (Caseous necrosis only) (3.6%) and pattern E (non necrotising epitheloid granuloma with positive acid fast bacilli) (1.03%). Acid fast bacilli were demonstrable in 175 cases (90.7%). Amongst the acid fast bacilli positive cases highest bacillary load 3+ grade was seen in pattern C in 6/59 (10.16%) cases.
CONCLUSION
FNAC is a simple useful tool and should be attempted in all cases of lymphandenopathies. It helps in establishing a diagnosis of tubercular etiology based on its morphological patterns however demonstration of acid fast bacilli on aspirated material confirms the diagnosis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Azure Stains; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Coloring Agents; Cytological Techniques; Female; Granuloma; Hematoxylin; Humans; India; Lymph Nodes; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Necrosis; Papanicolaou Test; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node
PubMed: 33077050
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.07.001 -
Journal of the National Medical... Jun 2020This study assessed cervical cancer knowledge and examined its correlation with adherence to Pap smear guidelines.
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE
This study assessed cervical cancer knowledge and examined its correlation with adherence to Pap smear guidelines.
METHODS
We carried out a cross-sectional survey in 141 undergraduate female college students. The response rate of the survey was 91.5%. Knowledge scores (0 - 4) were calculated based on students' answers to four items.
RESULTS
About 61.7% of the participants did not have annual checkups within a year, and 69% have never received Pap-test. Students who never received Pap-test mentioned procrastination (82%), lack of interest and fear as reasons for not practicing the behavior. About 92.9% of the students were not aware that the university student health service provides free Pap tests. More than double of annual checkup recipients undergone Pap test (33%) compared with those who did not have annual checkups (14.3%). Students who knew multi-partners sexual activity as a risk factor for cervical cancer had higher odds of receiving Pap test than those who didn't know the correlation between the number of sexual partner and the risk of cervical cancer [aOR= 2.87; 95% CI 1.07- 8.90]. Students with knowledge scores about cervical cancer risk factors and prevention methods at least a median had higher odds of receiving Pap test than those with knowledge scores lower than the median [aOR=6.49; 95% CI 2.8 - 14.7]. The increase in receipt of Pap test was associated with an increase in the level of knowledge about risk factors of cervical cancer.
CONCLUSIONS
This study confirmed a correlation of the receipt of Pap test with knowing the causes and prevention mechanisms of cervical cancer. Adequate knowledge about cervical cancer causes, and prevention/control strategies may help to improve adherence to Pap smear testing in college students.
Topics: Adolescent; Cross-Sectional Studies; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Florida; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomaviridae; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Universities; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Young Adult
PubMed: 32291069
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2020.03.007