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Scientific Reports Feb 2023The newest high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) detection techniques were included for cervical cancer primary screening under the Spanish National Health System in...
The newest high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) detection techniques were included for cervical cancer primary screening under the Spanish National Health System in 2019. These analyses allow changing population approaches to foster adherence to screening. Therefore, the validity of self versus conventional sampling for HPV and cytology analyses was appraised. Women's preferences concerning samples and devices were also evaluated. This is a diagnostic accuracy cross-sectional study among 120 women recruited from a colposcopy clinic at a general hospital in Illes Balears, Spain. Participants were given written information and asked for a self-sample. One of two sets containing two devices each were handed. One set was transported dry and the second in liquid medium. Next, clinicians collected vaginal samples that were our gold standards. The agreement between both techniques was examined with the Kappa coefficient (κ). Self-sampling evaluation and preferences for different vaginal devices were also surveyed. The agreement between self and conventional samples concerning HPV positivity was very good (κ 0.86 for Mía by XytoTest® and 0.83 for Viba-Brush®) or reasonable (κ 0.73 for Iune and 0.68 for viscose swab). Pap smears from self-samples exhibited moderate agreement (κ 0.41 for Mía® and 0.51 for Viba-Brush® respectively) for negative versus ASC-US and worse results. Most of the participants considered self-sampling as beneficial (110 or 91.7%) and the advantages were, in decreasing order, scheduling, comfort, intimacy and less fear for pain or disturbance. The priority of choice for the devices was Mía® and viscose swab (chosen in first or second place) in opposition to Iune and Viba-Brush® (chosen in third or fourth place). If Viba-Brush® was to collect the best quality samples, 108 women (94.7%) switched their decisions. Our agreement between self and conventional samples was very good or reasonable for HPV, with the best values for devices in a liquid medium, and moderate for cytology. Even so, reflex cytology on self-samples is a valuable tool in promoting adherence. Self-sampling was widely accepted for smooth and thin devices. However, there is no resistance to change to others if a higher quality of the sample is obtained.
Topics: Female; Humans; Cross-Sectional Studies; Early Detection of Cancer; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Specimen Handling; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears; Self-Testing
PubMed: 36797261
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29255-y -
BMC Women's Health Aug 2022Cervical cancer is a preventable disease. This study aimed to share the results of the national cervical cancer screening program performed in primary health care...
BACKGROUND
Cervical cancer is a preventable disease. This study aimed to share the results of the national cervical cancer screening program performed in primary health care institutions in Samsun between 2015 and 2019.
METHODS
Women aged 30-65 years who were screened for cervical cancer in screening centers of Samsun between January 01, 2015, and December 31, 2019, were included in this descriptive study. The data were obtained from the automation program of the "National Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Laboratory Application" used by the Provincial Directorate of Health Cancer Unit through filtering the completion time of the tests, and all results were evaluated without sampling. Thus, data were presented using descriptive statistics.
RESULTS
The mean age of 89,302 women included in the cervical cancer screening program was 45.9 ± 9.0 years. Of the samples obtained from the participants, 1.0% were determined as insufficient material, 94.1% as HPV-negative, and 4.9% as HPV-positive. The most common HPV genotypes were 16, 51, 31, and 52. Of the 4337 HPV-positive women, 74.7% of the pap smear results were negative (including infection, 36.5%), and the most common premalignant lesions were atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance in 7.1% and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in 6.9%. HPV 16/18 was also observed in 31.7% of HPV-positive women. Seven hundred ninety-five women were referred to a specialist physician for further examination and treatment within the scope of the screening algorithm.
CONCLUSION
Detecting HPV-positivity by reaching more women within the national cervical cancer screening program's scope is vital in fighting against this disease. The effectiveness of cancer screening programs should be increased by ensuring community participation through awareness activities.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Human papillomavirus 16; Human papillomavirus 18; Humans; Middle Aged; National Health Programs; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Program Evaluation; Turkey; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 35927723
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01916-6 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2022The objective of this study was to conduct a 2-year follow-up of individuals having unsatisfactory reports of Pap smears and to analyze the contributing factors. This...
The objective of this study was to conduct a 2-year follow-up of individuals having unsatisfactory reports of Pap smears and to analyze the contributing factors. This was a retrospective study at a medical center that performed about 5000-6000 Pap smears annually in Eastern Taiwan. Women who had unsatisfactory results due to scant cellularity between January 1, 2015-December 31, 2016, were included in this study. The control group comprised age-matched women with normal Pap smears at a 1:4 ratio, during the same period. The clinical characteristics and the 2-year outcomes were followed. Patients who were unavailable for follow-up assessments or who had insufficient clinical information were excluded. Student's t-test and chi-square test were used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value < 0.05. A total of 887 Pap smears were included. A total of 717 and 170 women had normal Pap and unsatisfactory Pap tests, respectively. After excluding women who were unavailable for follow-up, the final analysis included 248 and 67 women with normal and unsatisfactory Pap tests, respectively. The mean age was not significantly different between the two groups (49.97 ± 10.69 and 51.61 ± 11.28 years in the unsatisfactory Pap and control groups, respectively [p > 0.05]). The percentage of menopause and vaginal discharge were significantly different between the two groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that premenopausal status, increased discharge were associated with the risk of unsatisfactory Pap tests. Of the 67 women with unsatisfactory Pap tests, all tested negative for any malignancies at a 2-year follow-up assessment. Women with increased vaginal discharge and without menopause were at an increased risk of having an unsatisfactory Pap test. Our results indicate that an unsatisfactory Pap smear due to scant cellularity might not increase the risk of intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer after 2 years. Further, large-scale studies with longer follow-up periods are required.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Retrospective Studies; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Discharge
PubMed: 36100639
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19784-3 -
Frontiers in Oncology 2022Self-efficacy has been related to different health preventive behaviors, included adherence to the Papanicolaou test-also called Pap smear or Pap test. The aim of this...
INTRODUCTION
Self-efficacy has been related to different health preventive behaviors, included adherence to the Papanicolaou test-also called Pap smear or Pap test. The aim of this study is to test construct and criterion validity and reliability of a questionnaire on self-efficacy and the Pap test in Chilean women.
METHOD
This study was carried out on a sample of 969 women of ages from 25 to 64, who are users of the public health care system in Santiago, Chile. The validity of the Self-Efficacy Scale for the Pap Smear Screening Participation (SES-PSSP) questionnaire was done by confirmatory factor analysis, external criteria by t-test, and reliability by Cronbach's alpha.
RESULTS
Three models were tested, obtaining a questionnaire with 20 items and 2 dimensions. The criteria validity was confirmed by adherence to the Pap test. The final questionnaire has a reliability of 0.95, measured by Cronbach´s alpha.
CONCLUSION
A valid and reliable questionnaire to measure self-efficacy in relation to the Pap test is a relevant contribution in cervical cancer prevention, especially related to interventions focused on increasing adherence.
PubMed: 36387233
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.979799 -
Archives of Razi Institute Dec 2022The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a crucial but not the predominant cause of cervical cancer. This study aimed to identify gene expression in human papillomavirus using...
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a crucial but not the predominant cause of cervical cancer. This study aimed to identify gene expression in human papillomavirus using a pap smear. A total of 120 serum samples, 60 samples were taken from infected females with papillomavirus and another 60 as healthy control. These samples were collected after pap smears were done. These women attended Al-Emam Hospital for delivery from March 1st, 2021, to February 28th, 2022. The levels of Pap-IgM and Pap-IgG were increasing among patients attacked by papilloma. The levels of viruses were higher than in levels than control groups, which was indicated by increases in the scores of mean and standard deviation (2.01±1.17, 0.11±0.02), (14.24±7.10, 0.4±0.17), respectively. Statistically, these differences between the levels of the studied groups were highly significant. The levels of the three markers Ca19.9, Ca125, and Ca15.3 were normal in levels among papilloma patients and the control group compared to the normal value of the three markers, which equaled N.V. (>37ng/ml). Statistically, these differences between the scores of the three markers, which were measured depending on mean and standard deviation, were highly significant. There is a low positive correlation between the levels of Pap-IgM (>1) with levels of Ca19.9 (>37) with (r=0.409**, =0.000), while there is a moderate association between the levels of Pap-IgM (>1) with Ca125 (>35ng/ml) and Ca15.3 (>37ng/ml) levels with (r=0.574**, 0.565**, =0.000, 0.000) respectively. Also, this table documents that there is a moderate positive correlation between the levels of Pap-IgG (>1) and the levels of the three tumor markers Ca19.9 (>37), Ca125 (>35), and Ca15.3 (>37) (r=0.521**, 0.592**, 0.647**). The gene expression was investigated in patients infected with Papillomaviruses compared to healthy controls using real-time PCR. The results showed a high Ct value for patients and controls with a high Ct value of templates, preoperational to the gene concentration.
Topics: Female; Humans; Human papillomavirus 16; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Papanicolaou Test; Papilloma; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 37274879
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2022.359292.2397 -
European Journal of Cancer Prevention :... Sep 2021Oral carcinoma and precancers are major public health challenges in India and other developing countries.
BACKGROUND
Oral carcinoma and precancers are major public health challenges in India and other developing countries.
OBJECTIVES
Aim of the study was to assess the associations of demographic characteristics, addictions, chief complaints of mouth/oral and clinical diagnosis by cytology smear and punch biopsy in early detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. Methods Study was designed on retrospective data of case files of CDC, CNCI, Kolkata, from patients attended from January 1996 to September 2016. History was taken, histopathology and Pap smear were performed. Descriptive statistical analysis, cross-tabulation and Pearson's Chi-square test were done.
RESULTS
Total participants (n = 692); 110 (15.9%) having history of swallowing betel leaf, nut lime, dokta, jarda, catecheu with an average of 11 years. Three hundred twenty-five (46.9%) had multiple addiction (cigarette/bidi/tobacco/all). Ninety-eight (12.1%), 99 (12.2%) and 68 (8.4%) were addicted to cigarette, bidi and chewing tobacco, respectively. Twenty-nine participants were addicted to alcohol; 18 (2.6%) and 11 (1.5%) took country and foreign alcohol correspondingly. Clinicians thoroughly examined lips (4.1%), buccal mucosa (27.3%), gingival (2.8%), tongue (23.1%), hard and soft palate (4.9%), mouth loor (5.2%) and other parts (32.3%); diagnosed participants as normal (22.8%)/benign (23.1%)/premalignant (39.1%)/malignant (14.8%). Smears confirmed 60, 131, 42, 9 and 8 cases as carcinoma, mild, moderate, severe dysplasia and inflammation, respectively. The punch biopsy identified 11 carcinomas, two severe, two moderate and seveeen mild dysplasia's. Chi-square test showed significant association between smear and examination (P = 0.022), diagnosis and examinations of the oral cancer patients (P = 0.0001).
CONCLUSION
The study provided strong evidence that betel leaf, chewing tobacco, smoking and alcohol are independent risk factors for oral cancer. Cytological smear and biopsy are cost-effective approaches for early detection.
Topics: Carcinoma; Female; Hospitals; Humans; Hyperplasia; India; Mouth Neoplasms; Papanicolaou Test; Precancerous Conditions; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 33252366
DOI: 10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000640 -
BMC Women's Health May 2023Despite the fact that the Pap smear test is a simple, affordable, painless and relatively reliable method to diagnose cervical cancer in women, the majority of women are...
INTRODUCTION
Despite the fact that the Pap smear test is a simple, affordable, painless and relatively reliable method to diagnose cervical cancer in women, the majority of women are unaware of the value of this valuable diagnostic method. There are many cultural and social barriers to this diagnostic method. The present study was conducted to predict cervical cancer screening behavior with PEN-3 model among women residents of Bandar Abbas.
METHODS
The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 260 women aged 18 years and above who visited the comprehensive health centers of Bandar Abbas. The data were collected online using a demographic information questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the PEN-3 model constructs and analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson correlation test and logistic regression analysis in SPSS-23.
RESULTS
The participants' age ranged between 18 and 52 years with an average of 30.95 ± 5.47 years. 27.7% of the participants had done their last pap smear test less than 1 year before the study and 26.2% had not done a pap smear test until the time of study. The results showed that the mean scores of knowledge (11.28 ± 2.87), attitude (64.96 ± 4.96), enablers (44.66 ± 5.8), and nurturers (36.02 ± 8.83) in women who had done the cervical cancer screening behavior was more than those who had not done the behavior. Also, the results of logistic regression analysis showed that knowledge, attitude and nurturers were the major predictors of cervical cancer screening behavior.
CONCLUSION
The present findings showed that knowledge, attitude, enablers and nurturers play a major role in women's participation in Pap smear test. These findings should be considered in the development and implementation of educational interventions.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adolescent; Young Adult; Adult; Middle Aged; Vaginal Smears; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Cross-Sectional Studies; Early Detection of Cancer; Iran; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Papanicolaou Test; Mass Screening
PubMed: 37173665
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02416-x -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... Mar 2020We examined the effectiveness of a health education program to improve; knowledge and attitude towards cervical cancer and Pap smear, and uptake of Pap smear test among... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
We examined the effectiveness of a health education program to improve; knowledge and attitude towards cervical cancer and Pap smear, and uptake of Pap smear test among female entrepreneurs in Kedah, a northern state of Malaysia.
METHODS
This controlled community trial involved 210 women from the districts of Alor Setar and Sungai Petani. Simple random sampling was applied to select 105 women from each district. Self-administered questionnaires were used to obtain information about the variables of interest. Health education intervention program included educational talk, demo video, experience sharing, pamphlet distribution, and text message reminders. Evaluation of outcomes was performed twice. The text message reminders acted as the cues to action that were sent between the two evaluation times at one-month interval. Women in the control group received educational talk alone. In the control group, evaluation of outcomes was done only once, which was one month after the educational talk.
RESULTS
Knowledge on cervical cancer and Pap smear, and attitude towards Pap smear among women in both intervention and control group improved significantly at Evaluation stage 1. However, no further improvements were observed in the intervention group at Evaluation stage 2. The uptake of Pap smear in the intervention group increased significantly from 48.0% at Baseline to 68.0% at Evaluation stage 1 (P<0.001), and from 68.0% to 79.0% at Evaluation stage 2 (P<0.001). A significant increase in Pap smear uptake was also seen in the control group from 63.0% at Baseline to 76.0% at Evaluation stage 1 (P=0.003).
CONCLUSIONS
Educational talk alone was effective in improving knowledge on cervical cancer and Pap smear, attitude towards the test, and the actual uptake of the test. However, text reminders were more effective than having an educational talk alone in increasing uptake of Pap smear test among participants.
.Topics: Adult; Aged; Attitude to Health; Female; Health Education; Health Promotion; Humans; Malaysia; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Young Adult
PubMed: 32212817
DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.3.853 -
Medicine Nov 2021This study aimed to evaluate the emotional path, impact on everyday life, and adequacy of patient education throughout the diagnostic and therapeutic journey of women...
This study aimed to evaluate the emotional path, impact on everyday life, and adequacy of patient education throughout the diagnostic and therapeutic journey of women who received a positive human papillomavirus (HPV) test or Pap smear result.An online survey was designed to determine the demographic characteristics, dominant feelings throughout the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, major lifestyle changes, impact on social life, and perceived adequacy of patient information in Italian women with a positive HPV test or abnormal cervical cytology result. In this study, the phases of the "patient's journey" included the initial test, waiting for colposcopy or biopsy, waiting for surgery, and follow-up.Anxiety, worry, and fear were the most frequently cited emotions during the initial tests and intervals between procedures. Anxiety and fear gradually decreased during the journey until surgery, and higher levels of optimism were observed postsurgery. The most frequently reported lifestyle changes were attempts to boost the immune system, increased precautions in sexual practices, and dietary changes. Social life is affected by changes in sexual and intimate relationships with partners. Women reported receiving insufficient patient education on the diagnosis and its implications, progression, management, personal care, and resolution.Significant attention should be given to the psychosocial aspects of the entire patient journey after receiving a positive HPV test or an abnormal Pap smear result. It is essential to establish a good rapport between patients and healthcare professionals, and to educate women regarding the condition by minimizing the gap between the perceived and desired adequacy of information.
Topics: Alphapapillomavirus; Anxiety; Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
PubMed: 34766557
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000027177 -
Technology in Cancer Research &... 2023Pap smear is considered to be the primary examination for the diagnosis of cervical cancer. But the analysis of pap smear slides is a time-consuming task and tedious as...
Pap smear is considered to be the primary examination for the diagnosis of cervical cancer. But the analysis of pap smear slides is a time-consuming task and tedious as it requires manual intervention. The diagnostic efficiency depends on the medical expertise of the pathologist, and human error often hinders the diagnosis. Automated segmentation and classification of cervical nuclei will help diagnose cervical cancer in earlier stages. The proposed methodology includes three models: a Residual-Squeeze-and-Excitation-module based segmentation model, a fusion-based feature extraction model, and a Multi-layer Perceptron classification model. In the fusion-based feature extraction model, three sets of deep features are extracted from these segmented nuclei using the pre-trained and fine-tuned VGG19, VGG-F, and CaffeNet models, and two hand-crafted descriptors, Bag-of-Features and Linear-Binary-Patterns, are extracted for each image. For this work, Herlev, SIPaKMeD, and ISBI2014 datasets are used for evaluation. The Herlev datasetis used for evaluating both segmentation and classification models. Whereas the SIPaKMeD and ISBI2014 are used for evaluating the classification model, and the segmentation model respectively. The segmentation network enhanced the precision and ZSI by 2.04%, and 2.00% on the Herlev dataset, and the precision and recall by 0.68%, and 2.59% on the ISBI2014 dataset. The classification approach enhanced the accuracy, recall, and specificity by 0.59%, 0.47%, and 1.15% on the Herlev dataset, and by 0.02%, 0.15%, and 0.22% on the SIPaKMed dataset. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed work achieves promising performance on segmentation and classification in cervical cytopathology cell images..
Topics: Female; Humans; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Cytology; Cervix Uteri; Papanicolaou Test; Neural Networks, Computer; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 36744768
DOI: 10.1177/15330338221134833